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多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)作为环境中普遍存在的一种典型持久性有机污染物,由2个或2个以上的苯环以直线、角状排列或聚簇状的方式构成[1]。PAHs因具有溶解度低、疏水性高、辛醇-水分配系数大以及难降解等特性[2],容易在环境中积累并在生物体内富集,对生物造成致畸、致癌、致突变的“三致效应”,且会通过食物链传递对人类健康造成危害[3]。
PAHs是指没有任何取代基和杂环原子的芳烃化合物[4],一般称为母体PAHs(parent PAHs, P-PAHs)。环境中还存在大量带有烷基等取代基的PAHs衍生物,其中烷基化多环芳烃(alkylated PAHs, A-PAHs)是以PAHs为母环,具有烷基侧链的稠环芳香烃,它在环境中主要来源于溢油[5-6]、煤燃烧[7]、生物质燃烧和尾气排放[8-9]。由成岩作用生成的A-PAHs是石油中总多环芳烃(T-PAHs,包括P-PAHs与PAHs衍生物)的主要形式,约占T-PAHs的85%—95%;泄漏到水环境后,沉积物中A-PAHs含量仍高达70%以上[10-11],其中以烷基萘、烷基菲为主[12]。烷基的取代会导致A-PAHs的水溶性比P-PAHs低,使其更倾向于在生物体内累积,产生比P-PAHs更大的毒性[13],在环境中很难被去除。
本文在实验室前期研究的基础上,结合国内外对A-PAHs的污染状况和生态毒性的研究现状,对细菌降解A-PAHs的代谢途径及关键降解基因和酶的研究进行了总结,有助于了解环境中A-PAHs的降解去除研究进展,为寻找高效的A-PAHs降解方法提供理论依据。
烷基化多环芳烃的细菌降解研究进展
Research progress on bacterial degradation of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
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摘要: 烷基化多环芳烃(alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, A-PAHs)是以多环芳烃(PAHs)为母环,具有烷基侧链的稠环芳香烃,是一类在环境中广泛存在的持久性有机污染物。微生物降解是其在环境中降解去除的主要途径,与真菌、藻类等相比,细菌降解A-PAHs得到更多的关注。本文对A-PAHs的污染现状及生态毒性,细菌降解甲基萘、甲基菲的研究进展进行了概述,以PAHs的降解酶和降解基因作为参考,总结了A-PAHs可能涉及的降解酶及降解基因。本文有助于了解环境中A-PAHs的生物降解研究现状,为寻找高效的A-PAHs降解方法及减轻其生态风险提供理论依据。Abstract: Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (A-PAHs) are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with parent ring and alkyl side chain, which are a kind of toxic persistent organic pollutants that widely exist in the environment. Microbial degradation is the main way for their removal in the environment. Compared with fungi and algae, more studies have been focused on bacterial degradation. The pollution status and ecological toxicity of A-PAHs, as well as the research progress of bacterial degradation of methylnaphthalene and methylphenanthrene were summarized in this review. Taking the degradation enzymes and genes of PAHs as reference, the possible degradation enzymes and genes involved in A-PAHs degradation bacteria were summarized. It is helpful to understand the research progress of A-PAHs biodegradation in the environment and provide theoretical basis for finding the efficient degradation methods of A-PAHs and reducing their ecological risks.
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表 1 甲基萘降解菌的来源、底物、底物强化浓度及降解速率
Table 1. Source, substrate, substrate enrich concentration and degradation rate of methylnaphthalene by bacteria strain
菌株名称
Bacteria strain来源
Source底物
Substrate底物强化浓度
Substrate enrich
concentration降解速率
Degradation rate参考文献
ReferencePseudomonas PG 土壤 萘、2-甲基萘 330 mg·L−1 — [51] Pseudomonas putida CSV86 土壤 1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘 0.15%(W/V) — [52] Pseudomonas sp. strain NGK1 土壤 2-甲基萘 0.2%(W/V) — [53] Sphingomonas paucimobilis 2322 杂酚油污染土壤 二甲基萘、2-甲基萘 1000 mg·L−1 — [54] Cycloclasticus 原油污染海水 C0-4-烷基萘 1000 mg·L−1 1.190 mg·L−1·h−1 [63] Mycobacterium sp. RJGII-135 土壤 1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘 (9—17)×10−3 mg·L−1 0.236×10−3 mg·L−1·h−1 [64] Neptunomonas naphthovorans
strain NAG-2N-113杂酚油污染沉积物 1-甲基萘、2-甲基萘 5 mg·L−1 0.010 mg·L−1·h−1 [65] Paenbacillus alvei 土壤 2-甲基萘 1.0%(V/V) 33% ,3 weeks [66] 表 2 甲基菲降解菌的来源、底物、底物强化浓度及降解速率
Table 2. Source, substrate, substrate enrich concentration and degradation rate of methylnaphthalene by bacteria strain
菌株名称
Bacteria strain来源
Source底物
Substrate底物强化浓度/
(mg·L−1)
Substrate enrich
concentration降解速率/
(mg·L−1·h−1)
Degradation rate参考文献
ReferenceSphingomonas sp. LH128 土壤 1-甲基菲 100 — [56] Sphingomonas subartica Arj13 土壤 1-甲基菲 100 (0.004 ± 0.001) [56] Sphingomonas sp. Arj19 土壤 1-甲基菲 100 (0.010 ± 0.001) [56] Sphingomonas sp. Arj81 土壤 1-甲基菲 100 (0.056 ± 0.008) [56] Sphingomonas sp. EPA505 土壤 1-甲基菲 100 (0.010 ± 0.001) [56] Mycobacterium gilvum RL1 土壤 2-甲基菲 100 (0.093 ± 0.007) [56] Mycobacterium aurum Ri464 土壤 2-甲基菲 100 (0.078 ± 0.012) [56] Mycobacterium austroafricanum Ri452-b 土壤 2-甲基菲 100 (0.130 ± 0.022) [56] Sphingomonas sp. MP9-4 石化原油污染土壤 1-甲基菲 10 0.104 [57] Micrococcus sp. CBMAI 636 地层水,坎波斯盆地 1-甲基菲、2-甲基菲、
3-甲基菲和9-甲基菲— 30 %, 21 d [58] Dietzia maris CBMAI705 石油,坎波斯盆地 1-甲基菲、2-甲基菲、
3-甲基菲和9-甲基菲— 99%, 21 d [58] Sphingomonas sp. 2MPII 炼油厂污染土壤 2-甲基菲 200 1.667 [74] Sphingomonas sp. JS5 杂酚油污染土壤 2-甲基菲 86.4 1.163 [75] Novosphingobium guangzhouense sp. Nov 石化原油污染土壤 1-甲基菲 100 0.417 [76] Achromobacter strain J3 石油污染土壤 甲基菲 — — [77] Citrobacter sp. strain J1 石油污染土壤 二甲基菲、
三甲基菲— — [77] -
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