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有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)是一类具有环境持久性、生物累积性、大气长距离迁移等特点的持久性有机污染物[1],能够经土壤、大气、水体环境介质在全球范围内迁移转化,并通过食物链于生物体内富集和放大,危害生态环境和人体健康[2-4]. 目前,OCPs已成为环境健康领域研究的焦点之一.
六六六(hexachlorocyclohexane,HCHs)和滴滴涕(dichloro-diphenyl tricgloroethane,DDTs)是有机氯农药的主要品种,亦是曾经应用最为广泛的有机氯农药. 自1983年,我国已禁止HCHs和DDTs的生产和使用,但仍能够从环境介质中检测出HCHs和DDTs等有机氯农药残留物[5-7]. 土壤作为OCPs的“汇”和“源” [8-9],一方面可通过干湿沉降、地表径流、污水灌溉等传输方式接纳其他环境介质中的有机氯农药;另一方面可以通过各种迁移行为(如气-土交换、生物富集等)传递至非土壤环境介质中.
近年来,国内外学者针对城市土壤[10-11]、场地土壤[12-13]、流域土壤[14]、农田土壤[15]中OCPs的残留量、来源、风险评价等方面开展了大量研究,并取得了一定的研究成果,但开封周边黄泛平原耕地土壤中有机氯农药残留特征相关研究鲜见报道. 本文以开封地区某一种植玉米和小麦耕地土壤地块为研究对象,调研、采集样品和分析土壤中有机氯农药(HCHs和DDTs)含量,并探讨HCHs和DDTs的残留水平、组成特征、来源和人体健康暴露风险.
典型耕地土壤有机氯农药残留特征、来源解析及风险评价
Residue characteristics, sources and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in typical farmland soil
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摘要: 2019年6月采集某典型耕地土壤样品39个,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分析其有机氯农药的含量,探讨该地区六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的残留水平、来源;采用美国EPA推荐的健康风险评价方法对研究区 HCHs 和DDTs 进行健康风险评价. 结果表明,HCHs 和 DDTs含量范围(平均值)分别为5.57—77.83 ng·g-1(45.35 ng·g-1)和1.20—154.58 ng·g-1(119.76 ng·g-1);相比国内外其他地区,研究区土壤OCPs含量处于较高水平;基于比值法结果判断,该区域HCHs主要为工业HCHs和林丹使用的混合输入,DDTs与三氯杀螨醇输入有关;健康风险评价表明,皮肤接触土壤OCPs 是成人的最主要暴露途径;非致癌风险值(10-13—10-3)低于阈值(1),而致癌风险值(10-9—10-6)高于界值(10-6).Abstract: The paper is aimed to investigate the composition, source and potential health risks of HCHs of DDTs in the studying soil-samples. For the said purpose, totally 39 surfaces soil samples were collected from a typical agricultural land in June 2019, and 8 compounds of organocholorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sources were analyzed by isomer ratio method and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides using the US recommended health risk assessment method. The results indicated that concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in studying-soils ranged from 5.57 ng·g-1 to 77.83 ng·g-1 (mean 45.35 ng·g-1) and from 1.20 ng·g-1 to 154.58 ng·g-1 (mean 119.76 ng·g-1), respectively. Compared with other soil samples from different regions, the concentrations of OCPs in the studying-soils were at a high level. Based on the radio method, the HCHs were mainly a mixture of inputs from industrial HCHs and lindane use, while DDTs were associated with dicofol inputs. Health risk assessment showed that dermal exposure to soil OCPs was the predominant exposure route for adults; the non-carcinogenic risk value (10-13 to 10-3) was below the threshold (1), while the carcinogenic risk value (10-9 to 10-6) was above the threshold (10-6).
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Key words:
- farmland soils /
- HCHs /
- DDTs /
- health risk assessment.
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表 1 气相色谱仪升温程序
Table 1. Gas chromatograph temperature rise procedure
温度/℃
Temperature保持时间/min
Holding time升温速率/(℃·min−1)
Heating rate120 2 180 5 12 240 1 7 250 2 1 280 2 表 2 健康风险评价暴露参数及取值
Table 2. Exposure and values of parameters used in the health risk assessment
参数符号
Parameter symbols参数含义
Parameter meaning成人取值
Adult valuesBW 体重 Body weight 60 kg AT 平均作用时间 Average lifetime 非致癌:365×70=25550 d 致癌:365×ED=8760 d EF 暴露频率 Exposure frequency 250 d·a−1 ED 暴露年限 Exposure duration 24 a CF 转化系数 Conversion factor 10−6 kg·mg−1 IRs 土壤误食量 Ingestion rate of soil 100 mg·d−1 ET 暴露时间 Exposure time 8 h·d−1 IRi 土壤尘吸入量 Inhalation rate of air 16 m3·d−1 PEF 土壤产尘因子 Particulate emission factor 1.36×109 m3·kg−1 SA 可能接触土壤的皮肤面积 Soil surface area 5700 cm2·d−1 AF 土壤粘附因子 Adherence factor 0.07 mg·cm−2 ABSd 皮肤吸收系数 Absorbed dermally from the soil 0.13 表 3 OCPs目标同系物 VF、RfD 和 SF 值
Table 3. VF,RfD and SF data of the OCPs objective contaminants
OCPs同系物
OCPs objective contaminants挥发因子VF
Volatile factor非致癌风险慢性参考剂量RfD/(mg·kg−1·d−1)
Non-carcinogenic risk chronic reference dose致癌斜率因子SF/(kg·d·mg−1)
Carcinogenic slope factor经口误食
(RfD ingestion)呼吸吸入
(RfD inhalation)皮肤接触
(RfD dermal)经口误食
(SF ingestion)呼吸吸入
(SF inhalation)皮肤接触
(SF dermal)α-HCH 6.281×105 —1) — — 6.300 6.300 6.468 β-HCH 1.481×106 — — — 1.800 1.885 1.985 γ-HCH 5.228×105 3.000×10−4 2.982×10−4 2.982×10−4 1.300 1.308 1.985 δ-HCH 2.148×106 3.000×10−4 2.757×10−4 2.757×10−4 — — — o,p'-DDT 3.331×107 5.000×10−4 4.000×10−4 4.000×10−4 0.340 0.340 0.425 p,p'-DDT2) 3.331×107 — — — 0.340 0.340 0.425 p,p'-DDE 2.405×107 — — — 0.340 0.425 0.425 p,p'-DDD 2.495×107 — — — 0.240 0.300 0.300 注:1)“—”表示无相关数据;2)p,p'-DDT的致癌斜率因子SF值参考o,p'-DDT.
Note:1)“—” indicates no relevant data;2)Oncogenic slope factor values of p,p'-DDT with reference to o,p'-DDT.表 4 耕地土壤中DDTs和HCHs的含量1)(ng·g−1)
Table 4. Concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in soil1)(ng·g−1)
OCPs 本研究
The study国内外标准值
Domestic and international standard values不合格率
Failure rate含量范围
Range of content均值(标准差)
Mean (standard deviation)变异系数
Coefficient of variation检出率
Detection rate中国4)
China4)荷兰5)
Netherlands5)中国
China荷兰
Netherlandsα-HCH 0.88—23.99 11.19(6.59) 58.86% 100.00% —6) 3.00 — 87.18% β-HCH 2.25—27.66 9.86(6.54) 66.39% 100.00% 9.00 41.03% γ-HCH n.d.—34.79 12.93(6.82) 52.76% 87.18% 0.05 87.18% δ-HCH 2.33—32.64 11.38(7.17) 63.02% 100.00% — — ∑HCHs2) 5.57—77.83 45.35(17.11) 37.72% 100.00% 100.00 10.00 0 97.44% p,p'-DDE n.d.—4.72 0.32(0.90) 283.64% 12.82% — — — — p,p'-DDT n.d.—12.73 2.60(3.04) 116.91% 84.62% p,p'-DDD n.d.—9.19 2.99(2.08) 69.75% 92.31% o,p'-DDT n.d.—137.18 113.85(40.85) 35.88% 89.74% ∑DDTs3) 1.20—154.58 119.76(42.06) 35.12% 100.00% 100.00 10.00 87.18% 89.74% 注:1)n.d.表示未检出;2)∑HCHs=α-HCH+ β-HCH+ γ-HCH+ δ-HCH;3)∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDT;4)《土壤环境质量 农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB15618-2018); 5)《荷兰土壤质量标准》(NMH-2001);6)“—”表示没有相关数据.
Note: 1) n.d. means not detected; 2) ∑HCHs= α-HCH+ β-HCH+ γ-HCH+ δ-HCH; 3) ∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+o,p'-DDT; 4)《Soil Environmental Quality Soil Contamination Risk Control Standards for Agricultural Land (Trial)》 (GB15618-2018) ); 5) 《Dutch Soil Quality Standards》(NMH-2001); 6) "—" indicates no relevant data.表 5 国内外不同地区土壤中HCHs和DDTs的含量(ng·g−1)
Table 5. Concentration of HCHs and DDTs in other regions around the world
采样地点
Sampling locations采样时间
Sampling timeHCHs DDTs 文献
References开封市,中国 2018 a 45.35 119.76 本研究 北京市,中国 2003 a 1.47 77.18 [29] 天津市,中国 2002 a 32.9 127.00 [30] 湖南省,中国 2009 a 8.03 36.26 [31] 长三角地区,中国 2012 a 1.16 7.60 [32] 内蒙古,中国 2015 a 9.51 8.37 [33] Campanian,意大利 2011 a 1.38 107.00 [34] Kathmanu,尼泊尔 2015 a 0.16 0.671) [10] 印度迪布鲁加尔 2009 a, 2010 a 705 757 [35] 注:1)该文献∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDT+ o,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDE,其余文献∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDT.
Note: 1) ∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDT+ o,p'-DDD+ o,p'-DDE in this reference and ∑DDTs= p,p'-DDE+ p,p'-DDT+ p,p'-DDD+ o,p '-DDT in other references.表 6 耕地土壤有机氯农药指标比值1)
Table 6. Composition of DDTs and HCHs in soil samples
指标
Index范围
Range of index均值
Average value对比标准
Comparison standards所占比率
Ratioα-/γ-HCH n.d.—1.88 0.72 <1 69.23% >7 0 β-/(γ- +α-)HCH 0.11—2.30 0.58 <0.5 64.10% p,p'-DDE/ p,p'-DDD n.d.—1.68 0.13 <1 92.31% o,p'-DDT/ p,p'-DDT n.d.—140.77 48.98 <0.3 23.08% (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT n.d.—7.39 1.42 >1 56.41% 注:1)n.d.表示未检出. Note: 1) n.d. indicates not detected. -
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