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土壤自古以来就是自然界的万物之源,是植物生长、人类生存的物质基础. 但近年来,随着我国工业的快速发展,土壤重金属污染超标问题已经给人类的生产、生活带来了极大的威胁,使得土壤重金属污染成为了全球性的环境问题[1-2]. 同时,土壤重金属污染具有隐蔽性,是污染物长期积累的结果,等到污染物浓度超过了土壤的自净能力,一系列的土壤生态问题就会显现出来,其中重金属污染尤为突出[3]. 据土壤污染状况调查结果显示,全国土壤总的点位超标率达到了16.1%,中度污染以上的占2.6%,主要以重金属污染为主. 无机污染物(大部分为重金属)的超标点位数占全部超标点位的82.8%,其中Cd、Ni、Pb的点位超标率高达7.0%、4.8%、1.5%[4].
腐殖质(HS)作为一种高分子有机化合物广泛存在于土壤、沉积物、泥炭、风化煤中,是环境中有机质的重要组成部分[5]. HS含有多种官能团,含氧的酸性官能团有羧基、酚羟基等,这些官能团之间以氢键连接,形成表面多孔的分子网络,可以更好地吸附土壤中的重金属离子[6-7]. 通常来说,HS会通过络合、螯合、吸附等反应与多种重金属离子形成稳定性不同的金属-有机配合物,从而影响重金属的迁移转化和生物可利用性[8-9]. 同时HS还会与重金属离子发生氧化还原反应,改变重金属离子的价态,减少重金属离子对人体健康的危害.
然而,HS作为一种有潜力的重金属吸附材料,吸附效果受pH值、溶液离子强度、温度以及重金属离子的种类等多种因素的影响,再加上HS本身的不均一性、空间变异性以及结构的复杂性,使得HS与重金属之间的作用机制极具多变性[10-12],研究HS对重金属迁移转化的影响成为一项重要的课题. 近年来,对HS的来源、性质等问题较多学者做了阐述,但对于HS不同分类及其分离提纯过程等缺乏系统性梳理. 针对HS影响重金属迁移转化和改变重金属活性的研究类文献较多,但还缺乏系统性综述. 因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,对HS的来源、分类提纯、化学特征及其与重金属之间的相互作用关系做了系统性的介绍,为了解HS对土壤中重金属赋存形态的影响以及重金属污染土壤修复提供理论依据.
腐殖质来源、特征及其与土壤中重金属作用机制的研究进展
Research progress on sources, characteristics of humus and mechanism of interaction with heavy metals in soil
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摘要: 近年来,土壤重金属污染成为全球性的环境问题,给人类的生产、生活带来了极大的危害. 腐殖质(HS)作为土壤有机质的主体部分,含有羧基、酚羟基等众多官能团,能够通过络合、吸附、氧化还原等作用影响重金属离子的活性和迁移转化规律. 为了更好地了解HS和HS与土壤重金属之间的相互作用关系,本文对HS的来源、分类、化学特征做了详细的概述,重点介绍了HS与土壤中重金属之间的相互作用及其影响因素,并分析了HS对重金属活性的影响,最后提出了HS在土壤重金属迁移转化中存在的问题与展望.Abstract: In recent years, soil heavy metal pollution has become a global environmental problem, which has brought great harm to human production and life. As the main part of soil organic matter, humus (HS) contains many functional groups such as carboxyl group and phenolic hydroxyl group, which can affect the activity, migration and transformation of heavy metal ions through complexation, adsorption, redox and other actions. In order to better understand the interaction relationship between HS and heavy metal in soil. In this paper, the source, classification, the chemical characteristics of HS was summarized in detail, mainly introduced the interaction between HS and heavy metals and its influencing factors. What’s more, the effect of humus on heavy metals activity was analyzed.Finally, the problems and prospects of HS in heavy metal migration and transformation are put forward.
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Key words:
- humus /
- chemical characteristics /
- heavy metals /
- interaction.
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