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汽车工业是我国经济的重要支柱产业,其在推动社会经济发展的同时,也带来了不容忽视的污染问题. 机动车在行驶过程中会产生包括一氧化碳(CO)、氮氧化物(NOx)、碳氢化合物(HCs)和颗粒物(PM)等多种化合物,已经成为大气污染的主要来源之一. 据《中国移动源环境管理年报(2021)》,2020年我国由机动车所排放的CO、HCs、NOx和PM总和达到1593万吨,这给我国大气环境治理带来了极大压力和挑战. 为了降低汽车尾气对大气环境的负面影响,全球多个国家和地区相继出台一系列政策和法规来对机动车尾气排放进行管控. 为满足日益严苛的尾气排放标准,机动车厂商需要采用更为高效的尾气催化净化系统来控制污染物的排放,其核心是提升催化剂的催化净化性能,这对催化材料提出了更高的要求.
稀土铈元素(Ce)的核外电子排布为4f15d16s2,受镧系收缩的影响和4f电子的作用,铈的氧化物非常容易发生Ce3+/Ce4+价态变化,使得CeO2拥有优异的储释氧能力和丰富可调的表面氧缺陷. 在机动车尾气后处理催化剂中引入铈元素可以:①增强氧化物体系的高温稳定性,尤其是水热稳定性;②提高活性金属的分散度,减少贵金属用量;③提高催化剂抗中毒的能力,延长催化剂寿命;④改善催化剂抗积碳的能力;⑤提高材料的储/放氧能力,从而增强氧化/还原气氛快速交替变换条件下催化剂的适应性等诸多特性. 这使得铈基材料作为机动车尾气净化催化剂的重要组分发挥着不可替代的作用. 随着纳米技术、材料科学及现代表征方法的发展,人们可以从分子或原子水平上研究铈基催化材料的结构、表面吸附与反应的动态过程和环境条件对稀土催化材料表面和体相结构等的影响,从而加深对稀土铈基材料催化作用的认识,为设计、制备高性能的稀土铈基催化材料提供了新的机遇,为发现和发展新结构、新功能的稀土铈基催化材料,并开拓其在环境治理领域中的应用提供理论支撑与技术基础.
本文对用于机动车尾气后处理铈基材料的性质以及性能进行了系统地梳理和总结,按照机动车后处理系统所涉及的反应过程,对铈基材料在不同的机动车尾气催化系统中所起到的催化作用进行了归纳,对目前铈基材料在尾气催化消除的最新研究进展进行了介绍. 最后,对铈基催化材料在机动车尾气后处理领域可能的发展方向进行了展望.
稀土铈基材料在机动车尾气催化消除中的研究进展
Research progress of rare earth ceria-based materials in the catalytic elimination of vehicle exhaust gas
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摘要: 机动车尾气污染物造成了严重的生态环境问题,而催化净化是控制尾气排放、减少污染最有效的手段. 铈基材料具有优良的储释氧性能和氧化还原能力,是机动车尾气催化消除领域必不可少的组分之一. 自上世纪七十年代被用于催化消除机动车尾气以来,铈基催化材料得到了广泛关注和研究. 对铈基材料在尾气催化消除领域所起到的作用进行梳理,有助于对现有催化剂进行结构优化,同时能够将铈基材料的应用范围扩大到相关领域. 本文对铈基材料在机动车催化后处理不同环节中的研究和应用进行了归纳,并对其在机动车尾气后处理过程中的反应过程进行了总结. 最后,基于尾气处理行业的发展前景,本文对铈基催化材料未来的发展方向提出了展望.Abstract: Vehicle exhaust pollutants cause serious ecological problems, and catalytic purification is one of the most effective means to control exhaust emissions and reduce pollution. Ceria-based materials have excellent oxygen storage capacity and good redox ability, and are one of the essential components in the field of catalytic elimination pollutants of vehicle exhausts. Since they have been widely used for the catalytic elimination pollutants of vehicle exhausts in the 1970s, ceria-based catalytic materials have received extensive attention and research. The role of ceria-based materials in the field of exhaust gas catalytic abatement can be reviewed to help optimize the structure of existing catalysts and to expand the application of ceria-based materials to related fields. Herein, we summarize the research and application of ceria-based materials in different aspects of the vehicle exhaust aftertreatment, and the reaction process in the aftertreatment system of vehicle exhaust. Finally, based on the development prospect of the exhaust gas treatment industry, we present a perspective on the future development direction of cerium-based catalytic materials.
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Key words:
- vehicle exhaust gas /
- catalytic elimination /
- rare earth /
- ceria-based materials
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表 1 我国法规体系不同排放控制阶段对应的控制技术路线
Table 1. Vehicle emission control technology in different regulation stages in China
汽油车
Gasoline vehicles轻型柴油车
Light-duty diesel vehicles重型柴油车
Heavy-duty diesel vehicles国IV 控制对象 CO/HCs/NOx CO/HCs/PM NOx 技术路线 TWC DOC 或DOC+POC VWTi-SCR 国V 控制对象 CO/HCs/NOx CO/HCs/PM NOx 技术路线 TWC DOC+DPF VWTi-SCR 国VI 控制对象 CO/HCs/NOx/PM CO/HCs/NOx/PM 技术路线 传统:TWC
直喷:TWC+GPF(CGPF)LNT+DPF+SCR 或DOC+SCRF+SCR DOC+DPF+SCR+ASC 表 2 具有特定形貌及暴露晶面的CeO2的性质及碳烟氧化性能对比
Table 2. Comparison on property and soot oxidation performance of CeO2 with specific morphologies and exposed facets
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