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水能够推动社会的长久发展,是大自然给予人类的珍贵资源. 河流、湖泊、湿地等都是水资源的重要组成部分,它们能够维护生态平衡、保障社会稳定发展. 城市河流则与城市的发展和繁荣与有着密切的关系[1],随着人们生活水平的逐步提升,城市河流除了具备供水、排洪、航运等基础功能外,还应具备美化市容、平衡城市生态环境、排洪防涝、储备水资源等功能[2]. 如今,随着人口的增多、城市化的快速发展,河流生态常面临巨大压力. 为了能够推进可持续发展,城市河流的保护和修复问题备受关注,而有针对性的河流保护和修复方案,不仅能维系大自然平衡,还很大程度的影响城市生活的舒适性[3-4].
水质评价是水情况研究的重要条件,也是反映河流水环境的重要指标[5-6]. 通州地处北京水系流域的下游,是北京水环境监测与保护的重点区域,其河流水质状况直接反映着北京区域水环境质量. 针对通州河流水质进行长时间、多断面的监测分析,既能直观且科学的了解近些年水环境的变化趋势,又有助于了解城市河流管理水平,提高城市河流生态修复的效率,对后续的河流水质监管、水生态治理有着重要指导意义[7-8]. 为了更全面了解通州河流水质的时空变化及治理成效,本研究以通州主要河流的8个断面为例,对2012—2020年间的水质监测数据进行了多元分析:运用单因子水质标识指数法、箱线图法及主成分分析法,对其水质情况进行了综合评价,进一步分析了河流关键污染因素. 以期为城市副中心未来水环境、水生态治理提供有效的数据支撑,推进城市河流生态保护以及环境监督.
基于多元分析的北京市通州区主要河流水质时空变化
Multiple analyses on time-temporal change of water quality in major rivers of Tongzhou, Beijing
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摘要: 为评估北京市通州区域河流水质时空变化状况,选取该区域主要河流的8个监测断面于2012—2020年间的水质监测数据进行分析。水质监测指标包括溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、总磷(TP)、生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、粪大肠菌群、硫化物和挥发酚等9项。借助单因子水质标识指数法、箱线图法及主成分分析法,研究了通州区河水水质时空特征和污染来源。结果表明,通州河流枯水期的水质比丰水期差,下游的水质比上游差,主要污染物有高锰酸盐指数、粪大肠菌群、氨氮、总磷等。这些污染物的类型主要与这些河流所承担的城市排污任务有关。同时从时间上分析,自2016年起通州河流总体水质得到大幅度改善,并持续好转,由此可见近几年通州河流治理效果较好。建议相关管理部门加大对河流、河道、渠道等水系周边环境的修复和建设力度,加强智慧河湖管理平台建设,实现精细化治水、智能化管河。最后,还应拓展宣传渠道,提高市民保护意识,自觉巩固和维护水环境的治理成果。Abstract: To evaluate the rivers of water quality in Tongzhou area, the water quality data of eight monitoring section in Tongzhou’s main rivers during 2012—2020 were selected for analysis. The water quality data include nine indicators like dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), permanganate index (CODMn), fecal coliforms, sulfides, volatile phenols and so on. The spatial-temporal features and pollution sources of river’s water quality were analyzed via methods of single factor index, boxplot and principal component analysis. The results demonstrated that the water quality of drought period was worse than that of high flow period toward the rivers, and the water quality of downstream was worse than that of upstream, which could be concluded from the excess of CODMn, fecal coliforms, NH4+-N, TP and others. The main reason of pollution was attribute to municipal sewage discharge. Fortunately, the water quality of most Tongzhou’s rivers has been greatly improved since 2016, which could be attribute to the good governance in recent years. It was suggested that the relevant administrative departments should strengthen the remediation and protection of the surrounding environment of rivers and lakes. And the smart river and lake management platform should also be established to realize refine control and intelligent management of rivers. Finally, the publicity channels should also be expanded and the awareness of public protection should further be improved to maintain the achievements of water environment.
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Key words:
- major rivers /
- water quality monitoring /
- multiple analyses /
- time-temporal change
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表 1 单因子水质标识指数法对单项指标水质的评价结果
Table 1. Evaluation results of individual index water quality by single factor water quality identification index method
断面
Section时间
Time水质目标
Function高锰酸盐指数
CODMn溶解氧
DO化学需氧量
CODCr氨氮
NH4+-N总磷
TP粪大肠菌群
Fecal coliform五日生化需氧量
BOD5挥发酚
Volatile phenol硫化物
SulfideS1 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.92 3.80 6.63 11.68 12.39 4.21 7.64 4.11 2.60 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.22 2.10 6.03 9.56 8.95 3.60 6.43 3.30 2.60 平Normal Ⅲ 4.91 3.90 5.92 10.67 9.96 4.91 6.33 3.30 1.20 S2 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.12 3.90 5.82 9.26 11.48 3.80 6.23 3.11 1.30 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.22 4.21 4.21 12.29 15.69 3.70 6.23 3.00 2.60 平Normal Ⅲ 5.42 4.21 4.21 11.38 12.69 3.40 6.43 2.00 1.30 S3 枯Dry Ⅲ 6.13 4.91 6.93 16.29 12.99 3.90 7.44 4.41 2.60 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.52 2.30 6.23 9.67 11.68 3.60 6.13 4.21 1.30 平Normal Ⅲ 5.12 4.81 5.92 10.47 12.89 3.70 6.13 2.00 1.10 S4 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.72 4.01 6.83 14.19 16.49 145.89 6.53 4.33 2.60 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.32 4.51 6.83 11.78 14.29 84.99 6.93 3.60 2.40 平Normal Ⅲ 4.71 3.50 6.33 10.27 12.79 21.79 4.41 2.70 1.30 S5 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.12 3.90 5.62 11.78 11.48 3.70 6.13 3.30 1.30 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.01 3.50 5.62 8.85 10.07 3.30 5.72 2.00 1.20 平Normal Ⅲ 4.71 2.10 5.02 8.65 10.57 3.20 5.82 1.00 1.40 S6 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.02 2.00 5.12 9.96 10.87 3.90 6.33 3.30 1.30 丰Flood Ⅲ 4.71 4.81 5.42 8.05 9.47 3.50 5.82 3.30 1.20 平Normal Ⅲ 4.71 2.10 5.52 9.86 10.67 3.30 6.23 3.30 1.10 S7 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.12 2.00 5.92 10.57 12.49 3.20 6.33 3.30 1.20 丰Flood Ⅲ 4.91 4.71 5.32 8.65 9.86 3.90 5.82 3.70 1.10 平Normal Ⅲ 4.51 3.50 4.71 8.65 9.96 3.60 5.52 2.00 1.10 S8 枯Dry Ⅲ 5.12 2.10 6.13 13.19 11.7 3.20 6.43 3.70 2.00 丰Flood Ⅲ 5.01 3.90 6.13 9.06 8.75 3.50 5.82 3.30 2.10 平Normal Ⅲ 4.71 2.40 5.42 10.47 9.86 3.60 5.72 2.00 2.00 表 2 主成分提取结果
Table 2. The principal component extraction results
成分
Components初始特征值
Initial eigenvalue提取载荷平方和
Extract the sum of squares of loads特征值
Eigenvalue贡献率/%
Contribution rate累计贡献率/%
Cumulative contribution rate特征值
Eigenvalue贡献率/%
Contribution rate累计贡献率/%
Cumulative contribution rate1 3.41 37.87 37.87 3.41 37.87 37.87 2 2.69 29.88 67.74 2.68 29.88 67.74 3 1.83 20.27 88.01 1.82 20.27 88.01 4 0.52 5.83 93.85 — — — 5 0.40 4.50 98.35 — — — 6 0.13 1.41 99.76 — — — 7 0.02 0.24 100 — — — 8 0.00 0.00 100 — — — 9 0.00 0.00 100 — — — 表 3 主成分载荷矩阵
Table 3. Principal component load matrix
成分 Components 主成分 Principal components 1 2 3 CODMn 0.65 0.67 −0.14 CODCr −0.30 0.83 0.08 DO 0.82 0.47 0.22 NH4+−N 0.38 −0.74 0.47 TP 0.73 −0.61 0.27 挥发酚 Volatile phenol 0.37 0.53 0.76 硫化物 Sulfide 0.84 −0.16 −0.01 粪大肠菌群 Fecal coliform −0.50 0.18 0.83 BOD5 0.68 0.26 −0.45 表 4 不同年份丰水期监测断面主成分分析综合得分
Table 4. Comprehensive scores of principal component analysis of monitored cross sections in wet seasons of different years
断面Section 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 S1 0.09 −0.32 −0.13 0.86 −0.41 0.79 1.60 1.23 0.95 S2 0.06 0.20 1.84 1.58 0.05 −0.17 −0.03 −0.01 0.00 S3 −0.29 0.97 −1.31 −0.26 1.12 −0.13 −0.61 −0.23 −0.09 S4 0.84 0.11 4.58 0.73 1.06 1.27 −0.25 −0.10 −0.04 S5 −0.21 0.36 −2.05 0.39 −0.40 −0.45 −0.07 −0.03 −0.01 S6 −0.28 −0.60 −1.01 0.28 −0.21 −0.56 −0.02 −0.01 0.00 S7 0.10 −0.53 −0.78 0.29 −0.69 −0.43 −0.27 −0.10 −0.04 S8 −0.26 −0.20 −1.14 2.18 −0.52 −0.31 −0.36 −0.14 −0.05 -
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