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漆酶(Laccase, EC 1. 10. 3. 2)是一类含铜多酚氧化酶, 它的起源可追溯到19世纪, 从漆树的汁液中提取分离出来[1]. 漆酶广泛分布于植物、真菌和昆虫中, 如茶树、白腐真菌、灰色链霉菌等[2-4]. 根据它的来源, 植物漆酶和真菌漆酶是主要的两大漆酶类群. 漆酶具有高效的催化氧化功能, 可通过酶促反应氧化耦合环境体系中有机化合物, 它也被视为值得研发的一项生态环保污染修复技术[5]. 然而, 植物漆酶提取工艺的复杂性限制了它的实际应用, 而从真菌中成功提取纯化的漆酶已多达上百种, 并且多数真菌漆酶已经投入到工业化生产和商业化应用中[6-7] .
由于游离漆酶应用的经济成本以及操作不稳定性, 固定化技术为真菌漆酶在环境污染修复的运用开拓了道路. 已有相关研究报道了多种固定化载体的应用潜力, 如纳米氧化物、金属有机骨架材料、多糖物质等[8-10] . 作为优良的吸附剂或催化剂, 活性炭、生物炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯、富勒烯等炭基材料在环境和能源领域的应用吸引了广泛关注[11-12]. 它们均为高度芳香化的富炭材料, 却因其孔隙特征、表面基团、或电子密度差异呈现结构的异质性, 在吸附或催化有机化合物行为上承担着互有不同的作用[13-14]. 以污染物去除角度来看,炭基材料固定化真菌漆酶的复合体以降解环境体系的污染物为主, 且具有明显的去除效果. 此方向研究要求更多的工作进一步挖掘. 本文针对多种炭基材料固定化真菌漆酶的性能以及固定化复合材料催化氧化环境有机物的效果进行了系统归纳和讨论, 旨为拓展真菌漆酶在环境有机污染治理中可循环应用的视野.
炭基材料固定化真菌漆酶在污水处理领域的应用
Application of immobilized fungal laccase on carbonaceous materials for wastewater treatment
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摘要: 漆酶是一种多功能含铜氧化还原酶,被广泛研究或应用于多个学科领域. 然而,实际应用中,漆酶因成本昂贵、易流失,稳定性不足等缺陷,限制了其工业化应用和商业化价值. 炭基材料固定化真菌漆酶技术提供了一种值得探索的途径,来改善真菌漆酶的贮存稳定性、催化氧化活性、以及重复使用的性能. 本文详细介绍了真菌漆酶的来源、结构和性质;系统归纳了生物炭、活性炭、碳纳米管、石墨烯等炭基材料固定化真菌漆酶的物理-化学方法(物理吸附、诱捕包埋、共价结合、交联聚合);概述了酚类、雌激素、染料、药物等环境有机污染物在炭基固定化真菌漆酶复合材料上的去除效果和循环性能,并深入讨论了化合物在炭质界面的吸附机制(如疏水性作用、π-π作用、孔隙填充等)和固定化真菌漆酶利用氧化还原电势差催化氧化有机物的反应机制. 本文旨在为真菌漆酶固定化载体材料的选择提供参考依据,也将为开拓固定化真菌漆酶应用于有机污染治理的视野提供技术支撑.Abstract: Laccase is one of multi-copper containing oxidoreductases, which has been widely studied or applied in multiple subject fields. However, the industrial application and commercial value of laccase is limited in practical production due to expensive cost, difficult recycling, insufficient stability. The immobilization of fungal laccase by carbonaceous materials provides an approach to explore to improve the storage stability, catalytic oxidation activity, and reusability. This work described the origin, structure and properties of fungal laccase, and systematically concluded the physico-chemical methods including physical adsorption, trapping and embedding, covalent binding, crosslinking. Meanwhile, a series of carbonaceous materials such as biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene was summarized to immobilize the fungal laccase. The removal of organic contaminants (phenols, estrogen, dyes, and drugs) and recycling performance of immobilized laccase were outlined and its reactive mechanisms including sorption and catalytic oxidation were deeply discussed between immobilized laccase and environmental contaminants. This article aims at providing an insight to select the carrier materials to the immobilization of fungal laccase, and also providing a technical support for expanding the application scope of immobilized laccase in organic pollution control.
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Key words:
- carbonaceous material /
- fungal laccase /
- immobilization methods /
- sorption and degradation /
- reusability
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表 1 不同种类的炭基材料固定化漆酶以及其对污染物的去除效率和循环利用率
Table 1. Immobilization of laccase by different types of carbonaceous materials and the efficiency of removal and recycling of organic pollutants
漆酶来源
Source of
laccase炭基材料
Carbonaceous
materials炭基原料
Feedstock
漆酶固定方法Laccase immobilization methods 固定量
Immobilized
amount目标污染物
Pollutants去除效率
Removal efficiency循环活性/去除率
Cycle activity参考文献
ReferencesTrametes versicolor 石墨烯 石墨烯 物理吸附
(非共价自组装)221. 1 mg·g−1 拉贝洛尔(Labetalol) 100%(初始浓度: 5 µmol·L−1) 10次循环 100%(污染物去除) [35] Bacillus Subtilis 负载Cu2+磁性
氧化石墨烯石墨烯 物理吸附 177 mg·g−1 刚果红(Congo red) 100%(初始浓度: 1 mg·L−1) 10次循环 89. 4%(污染物去除) [39] Trametes versicolor 活性炭 核桃坚果壳 物理吸附 17. 6 mg·g−1 酸性橙7(Acid Orange 7) 100%(初始浓度: 30 mg·L−1) 4次循环 60%(污染物去除) [34] Bacillus Subtilis 磁性活性炭 丝瓜海绵 物理吸附 82. 57 mg·g−1 双酚A(Bisphenol A) 100%(初始浓度: 100 mg·L−1) 5次循环 79. 76%(污染物去除) [40] Trametes versicolor 磁性介孔炭 SBA-15 物理吸附 491. 7 mg·g−1 苯酚(phenol, PHE)
对氯苯酚
(р-chlorophenol, PNP)PNE: 78%
PNP: 84%
(初始浓度: 2 mmol·L−1)— [24] Trametes versicolor 空心介孔炭球 四丙氧基硅烷 物理吸附 835 mg·g−1 盐酸四环素(Tetracycline hydrochloride, TCH)
盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, CPH)TCH: 高于55%
CPH: 接近80%
(初始浓度: 20 mg·L−1)4次循环 70%(酶活) [41] Trametes versicolor 复合纳米纤维膜 多壁碳纳米管 共价结合 907 mg·g−1 双氯芬酸(diclofenac) 100%(初始浓度: 12. 5 mg·L−1) 7次循环 62. 7%(污染物去除) [42] Aspergillus oryzae 功能化多壁碳纳米管 多壁碳纳米管 交联聚合 8620 U·g−1 4-甲氧基苯酚(4-methoxyphenol) 100%(初始浓度: 10 mg·L−1) 3次循环 40%(污染物去除) [43] Trametes hirsuta 纳米复合膜 羟基化多壁碳纳米管 共价结合 30. 40 mg·cm−2 卡马西平
(Carbamazepine, CBA)
双氯芬酸(diclofenac, DCF)CBZ: 27%
DCF: 95%
(初始浓度: 5 mg·L−1)5次循环 22%(酶活) [44] — 介孔二氧化硅负载
磁性多壁碳纳米管多壁碳纳米管 交联聚合 — 铬黑T(Eriochrome Black T, EBT)
酸性红88(Acid Red 88, AR 88)
活性黑5(Reactive Black 5, RB 5)EBT: 99%
AR88: 98%
RB5: 66%
(初始浓度: 40 mg·L−1)10次循环 87%(酶活) [45] Trametes versicolor 纳米生物炭 松木 共价结合 5 U·g−1 — — 4次循环 30%(酶活) [46] Trametes versicolor 生物炭(BC) 松木(PW)
猪粪(PM)
杏仁壳(AS)交联聚合 BC-PW: 20. 1 U·g−1
BC-PM: 40. 2 U·g−1
BC-AS: 31. 8 U·g−1双氯芬酸
(Diclofenac)BC-PW: 100%
BC-PM: 100%
BC-AS: 100%
(初始浓度: 0. 5 mg·L−1)BC-PW5次循环46%
BC-PM5次循环40%
BC-AS5次循环43%
(污染物去除)[36] Trametes maxima 功能化生物炭 水稻秸秆 交联聚合 92. 3%
(25 mg, 50 U·mL−1)蒽(Anthracene) 98%(初始浓度: 50 mg·L−1) 3次循环 高于90%(酶活) [37] — 改性生物炭 秸秆 交联聚合 — 2, 4-二氯芬酸(2, 4-diclofenac) 95. 5%(初始浓度: 200 mg·L−1) 6次循环 27. 8%(酶活) [47] 注: “—”的表格代表参考文献中对该内容并未提及. -
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