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挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是一种广泛存在于环境中的有毒物质[1],根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的定义常温下沸点为50—260 ℃的各种有机物,主要来自于石油、表面涂层和电子制造等工业生产[2],长时间处在含有VOCs的环境中会对人体存在极大的危害. 目前VOCs的处理技术主要有吸附回收技术、生物法、等离子体技术、蓄热燃烧和紫外光催化氧化降解技术[3-9]. 其中紫外光催化氧化技术因其技术成本低、绿色环保等优点吸引着大量学者的关注[10-13]. 紫外光催化氧化技术的原理是在单独紫外光照射或紫外光协同催化剂的条件下,利用紫外光波段的光子轰击空气中的H2O和O2,使其解离成羟基自由基和游离的氧原子等活性氧基团,与有机物反应并将有机物降解为无毒无害的小分子[14]. 研究表明,相对湿度是紫外光催化氧化降解有机物的重要因素之一[12,15-17],存在较佳的反应相对湿度,在此相对湿度下有机物的直接转化率最高,能达到90%以上[18-19]. 这些研究中大多只使用有机物的直接转化率作为有机物降解程度的判断标准,但在最佳直接转化率的工况下有机物的矿化率并不一定最大,且其数值往往低于20%[11,15],这说明有机物经紫外光催化氧化降解后并没有完成转化为CO2和H2O,所以仅使用直接转化率作为有机物降解效果的判断依据是不全面的.
不同相对湿度条件下紫外光催化氧化降解有机物分子的程度不一,导致降解后的尾气中还存在着相当复杂的中间有机物. 而且从有机物降解产物的成分分析来看,在最佳转化率工况下有机物的降解方向也并不完全朝着生成小分子方向进行,这也是近年来紫外光催化氧化技术发展的瓶颈问题[11, 15]. 因此,确定紫外光催化氧化技术最佳的工艺条件,需要结合直接转化率、矿化率以及尾气成分来综合分析. 然而有机物种类众多,产物成分与降解路径复杂,需要进行大量的实验研究. 量子化学密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)是一种主要以电子密度分布函数为基础的电子基态的结构理论,可以从分子水平上研究通过实验方法难以阐释的反应机制. 通过量子化学计算获得不同相对湿度条件下的有机物的降解路径,对于理解光催化氧化降解有机物、确定较佳的操作工况具有积极的指导意义.
目前理论计算研究还主要集中在对有机物氧化降解机理的猜测上[12, 17],针对不同相对湿度条件下的反应路径的研究报道较少. 本文在紫外光氧化反应实验系统中开展了有机物苯的降解实验,研究了相对湿度对苯的直接转化效率、矿化率以及对应的尾气成分的影响. 并基于量子化学密度泛函理论对不同相对湿度条件下中间有机物的生成机理进行理论计算,提出较为合理的降解路径.
羟基自由基与游离氧原子竞争作用下的光氧化降解苯反应路径
Study on the reaction path of photo-oxidative degradation of benzene under the competition of hydroxyl radicals and free oxygen atoms
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摘要: 本文实验研究了相对湿度对光氧化降解苯的直接转化效率、矿化率以及对应的尾气成分的影响,并利用量子化学DFT(Density functional theory)的方法讨论了不同相对湿度条件下羟基自由基与游离氧原子竞争作用下的光氧化降解苯反应路径. 结果表明,苯的直接转化效率随着体系相对湿度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势,相对湿度为50%时直接转化效率最高,为82%,矿化率随相对湿度的增加显著降低,最低可达到2%,且不同相对湿度条件下的尾气成分差异较大. 在相对湿度为40%的条件下,苯分子的氧化降解路径主要是1, 2-环己二醇氧化为1,2-环己二酮,此时最大的反应能垒值为15.3 kcal·mol−1,有利于提高苯降解的矿化效果,生成了P10苯乙酮和P11苯甲醛等分子质量更大的有机物;随着相对湿度由50%提高到80%,最大的反应能垒值由48.1 kcal·mol−1降低到22.9 kcal·mol−1,此时苯的氧化路径由1,4-环己二醇氧化为1,4-环己二酮与1,2-环己二醇氧化为1,2-环己二酮共同决定,羟基自由基的引入大大降低了1,4-环己二醇与1,2-环己二醇氧化的难度,苯的矿化率和直接转化率急剧降低. 确定最佳的相对湿度需要综合分析直接转化效率、矿化率以及尾气成分.Abstract: The effects of relative humidity on the direct conversion efficiency, mineralization rate and components of waste gas from benzene photooxidation degradation were studied. Quantum chemical DFT method was used to analyze the reaction path of benzene photooxidation degradation under the competition of hydroxyl radical and oxygen atoms at different relative humidity. The results showed that the direct conversion efficiency of benzene increased first and then decreased with increasing relative humidity. The maximum direct conversion efficiency was 82% appearing at relative humidity of 50%. The mineralization rate decreased significantly at higher relative humidity, and the smallest value is 2%. The components of waste gas varied much at different relative humidity. At relative humidity of 40%, the oxidative degradation path of benzene was determined by oxidation of 1,2-cyclohexanediol to 1,2-cyclohexanedione, and the maximum reaction energy barrier is 15.3 kcal·mol−1, which is beneficial to improving the mineralization effect and generating some organic compounds with higher molecular weight such as P10 acetophenone and P11 benzaldehyde; As the relative humidity increased from 50% to 80%, the maximum reaction energy barrier decreased from 48.1 kcal·mol−1 to 22.9 kcal·mol−1. At this time, oxidative degradation path of benzene was determined by oxidation of 1, 4-cyclohexanediol to 1,4-cyclohexanedione and oxidation of 1,2-cyclohexanediol to 1,2-cyclohexanedione. The introduction of hydroxyl radicals greatly decreased the oxidation difficulty of 1,4-cyclohexanediol and 1,2-cyclohexanediol, resulting in sharply decreasing mineralization rate and direct conversion efficiency. To determine the optimal relative humidity, it is necessary to comprehensively analyze the direct conversion efficiency, mineralization rate, and components of waste gas.
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Key words:
- photooxidation /
- benzene /
- relative humidity /
- quantum chemistry /
- DFT
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表 1 不同相对湿度下尾气GC-MS检测主要成分
Table 1. Detection of main components in exhaust gas by GC-MS under different relative humidity
编号
Serial number名称
NameCAS 分子式
Molecular formula保留时间/min
Retention timeP1 二氧化碳 124-38-9 CO2 0.975 P2 丙酮 67-64-1 1.233 P3 丙酮醇 116-06-6 1.325 P4 2,2,3-三甲基-3-氧杂环丁醇 25910-96-7 1.617 P5 1-甲基萘 90-12-0 9.675 P6 2-甲基萘 91-12-0 9.675 P7 己醛 66-25-1 3.100 P8 辛醛 124-13-0 7.075 P9 壬醛 124-19-6 9.558 P10 苯乙酮 98-86-2 8.642 P11 苯甲醛 100-52-7 6.117 -
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