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动、植物油脂是人们生活中必不可少的膳食种类,和人们的社会生活、生产活动联系紧密,由于普遍存在,容易获得,使其成为各类刑事案件中常见的物证种类,在案发现场常能发现油渍斑痕、脂肪微粒,犯罪嫌疑人的衣服、鞋子、作案工具上也能找到相应的油脂物证. 同时,在一些杀人分尸、焚尸、烹尸等案件现场,也能发现疑似人体脂肪. 检验和分析这类物证,判断嫌疑斑痕或脂肪微粒为何类何种油脂,能够为分析案件性质、确定作案工具和场所、推断犯罪分子职业、民族、饮食习惯等人身特点以及还原作案过程提供重要线索和依据,具有十分重要的意义.
动植物油脂及人体脂肪的主要成分均为各种高级脂肪酸甘油酯(甘油三酯),但由于生物种属间的差异,每一种属都有其本身固有的特征组分. 因此,动、植物油脂和人体脂肪的特征组分必然存在差异,这也就为动植物油脂及人体脂肪的区分鉴别提供了理论依据,选择合适的检验方法检验各种类油脂的特征成分并进行科学的统计分析,可实现常见动、植物油脂和人体脂肪的归类、区分.
目前,有关动植物油的检验,见诸报道的研究多从食品安全的角度出发,利用脂肪酸种类及其含量的不同对某些油品进行掺伪鉴别[1],或者通过检验苯并芘[2]、辣椒碱[3]、胆固醇[4]、表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠[5]等外源性物质鉴别地沟油. 对于人体脂肪的检验,受样品来源及检验结果应用的局限,仅有中国刑警学院史晓凡[6]、王岩等[7]开展了研究. 纵观这些研究,由于角度不同和样品种类、数量的局限性,其检验结果不能完全满足公安实战工作需求. 因此,着眼公安实战部门仪器配置现状,围绕生活中常见油脂种类,研究建立一种操作简单的检验方法,提供动植物油脂及人体脂肪直观快速的鉴别依据迫在眉睫.
本文在前期研究基础上[8],分别对收集到的107 个动植物油和人体脂肪样品进行GC-MS法检验,依据检出的脂肪酸成分及其含量明确了不同油脂的鉴别依据,基本实现了油脂种类的单一认定,可为公安实践中未知油脂样品的种类判断提供依据,为案件侦办提供帮助.
常见动植物油脂及人体脂肪的GC-MS法分析
Analysis of common animal and plant oils and human fat by GC-MS
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摘要: 利用GC-MS法对生活中常见的18 种植物油、8 种动物油及公安实践中收集的5 个人体脂肪样品进行检测,提取其特征组分及含量进行比较,发现动物油中均检出有C14:0和C16:1,可据此将动植物油有效区分,同时根据检出的脂肪酸成分及其含量,可实现植物油、动物油及人体脂肪种属内的进一步鉴别.Abstract: 18 common vegetable oils, 8 animal oils and 5 human fat samples collected in public security practice were detected by GC-MS. The characteristic components and contents were extracted and compared. It was found that animal and plant oils can be effectively distinguished with C14:0 and C16:1. The same time, according to detected fatty acid components and their contents, further identification of vegetable oil, animal oil and human fat species can be realized.
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Key words:
- animal and plant oils /
- GC-MS /
- fatty acid
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