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汞(Hg)是一种毒性很强的重金属污染物,具有高迁移性和生物积累性,极易渗透进入食物链,且难以进行有效控制[1-2]. 汞向环境中排放实际上是一个不可逆过程,因此,即便是长期低剂量的汞排放也可能会导致严重的环境问题和健康后果[3]. 人为排放是环境中汞的最主要来源,我国每年汞排放量约为500—1000 t之间,1976—2000年期间农田土壤中的平均汞浓度为0.25(0.01—1.65)mg·kg−1, 2006—2010年期间上升至0.47(0.0009—71.09)mg·kg−1,2011—2016年略有下降[4]. 《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》[5]显示我国土壤汞点位超标率达1.6%,其中汞矿区和工业区土壤受污染程度最为严重,其总汞含量远高于我国土壤汞含量的最大限制值1.5 mg·kg−1(GB 15618—2018). 汞的毒性与其化学形态密切相关,无机汞对人体的毒性相对较弱,但其在特殊环境条件下能转化成毒性更强的甲基汞(MeHg). MeHg是一种毒性极强的有机汞化合物,通过食物链富集进入生物体内,会对中枢神经系统造成极大危害. 国际上普遍认为MeHg暴露的主要途径为食用水产品[6],有研究揭示汞矿等污染区域人群存在食用稻米造成的MeHg暴露健康风险问题[7],这一发现打破了原有认知. 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物之一,稻田由于季节性淹水灌溉,为汞甲基化提供了有利条件[8-9],土壤有机质、pH以及微生物均有可能影响土壤中汞的甲基化. 水稻MeHg污染问题已经引起国际社会的高度关注. 据调查发现[10],我国受汞污染农田达3.2万 hm2,每年生产的汞超标大米约有1.85亿 kg,对居民健康构成潜在威胁.
溶解性有机质(DOM)[11]主要来自于动植物残体分解,其结构复杂,含有多种官能团. DOM作为自然界中重要的活性组分,能通过吸附、络合、离子交换等方式影响汞在土壤中的迁移转化[12-13],尤其是汞向MeHg的转变. 此外,DOM也会改变沉积物的Eh、pH[14]、微生物群落结构,从而影响汞的转移和生物可利用性. 目前,关于DOM对汞甲基化影响研究尚存分歧. 有研究表明DOM能显著降低汞的生物有效性和甲基化过程[15]. DOM含有丰富的金属结合位点,易与Hg2+结合,能增强光化学反应中Hg2+转化为Hg0的过程[16-17],降低生物可利用的汞浓度,从而抑制MeHg产生[2]. 也有部分研究表明,DOM能促进汞甲基化. 水体中DOM含量增加,为汞甲基化过程提供充足的甲基供体,促进汞甲基化发生. 另一方面,DOM与汞的络合产物在一定程度上也更易被微生物同化利用,进而促进MeHg的形成[18]. 此外,何杉杉等[19]研究发现,DOM的腐殖化程度会影响汞的甲基化,长期进行渔业养殖活动的水体DOM腐殖化程度更高[20],MeHg含量及甲基化速率普遍高于养殖时间较短的水体. 陈春羽等[21]提取3种不同来源DOM,研究其对土壤中汞的吸附行为影响. 结果表明,不同来源的DOM对土壤中汞的吸附行为抑制作用有明显差异. 何鑫龙等[22]对渔业养殖区不同来源有机物对水体中汞甲基化影响展开研究,证实了不同来源和组成的DOM对汞甲基化影响不同.
受国家倡导绿色发展理念以及全面推行化肥减施宏观战略的影响,不难预见绿肥、厩肥、圈肥等有机肥的需求将大幅增加[23]. 满江红[24] (Azolla imbricata )是一种常见的水生蕨类植物,常见于水田、池塘等地,具有生长快、产量高、能与蓝藻共生固氮、富钾等生理特点,我国浙江、贵州、四川等南方省份常将其用作稻田绿肥. 已有研究表明,满江红在修复水体和资源化利用等方面存在诸多优势[25]. Cohen-Shoel等[26]采用含Sr2+溶液的模型研究满江红与重金属离子结合交换的机制,发现满江红细胞壁中的阳离子结合基团如羧基、磷酸基团等对重金属离子具有较高的亲和力,解释了满江红对重金属的吸附机理. 无生命的干燥满江红已被证明能从水溶液中结合重金属[27],包括Cs、Sr、Ce等,其重金属结合积累能力是活体满江红的7倍左右. 综上,现有的研究主要集中在满江红的生态环境修复价值以及其开发利用[28-29],而对于满江红腐解后的残体对重金属有效性的影响研究较为鲜见,其对汞甲基化是否存在促进或者抑制效应也未见报道. 从理论上说,满江红作为水生植物,当其进入衰亡期后,大量植物残体通过分解、淋溶进入水体,势必产生大量的DOM,对一些重金属污染物的环境化学行为产生影响. 因此,有必要对汞污染区域满江红腐解过程中DOM的化学行为特征进行系统的研究. 在有机质腐解过程中,其结构与组成不断发生改变,因此从更微观的角度切入探究DOM对汞甲基化的影响更具现实意义.
本研究以稻田满江红DOM为研究对象,探究在稻田体系中满江红DOM对汞甲基化的影响,同时结合光谱分析与亚组分分离技术,从微观角度探究满江红DOM影响汞甲基化的作用机制及其贡献度,以期为提高汞污染农田生产安全性提供理论依据.
稻田满江红溶解性有机质光谱特征及其对汞甲基化影响
Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter derived from Azolla imbricata in rice paddy and its effect on mercury methylation
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摘要: 满江红作为稻田重要的有机质输入来源,研究其溶解性有机质(DOM)对稻田土壤中汞形态及转化机理具有重要意义. 以稻田满江红DOM为研究对象,运用紫外吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)技术对不同腐解时间满江红DOM进行表征;此外,通过树脂串联技术分离得到疏水酸性物(HOA)、疏水碱性物(HOB)、疏水中性物(HON)、亲水酸性物(HIA)、亲水碱性物(HIB)、亲水中性物(HIN)等6种DOM亚组分,将不同腐解时间提取的满江红DOM及其亚组分与Hg2+溶液混合培养,分析其对汞甲基化过程的影响,以期为提高汞污染农田生产安全性提供理论依据. 结果表明,腐解初始时满江红DOM的芳香性最大,随腐解进行呈骤降缓升趋势. 腐解中期小分子量DOM较多. 类蛋白质组分始终占据主导地位,腐解后期含量缓慢减少,类腐殖质组分含量则呈现先低后高的趋势. 甲基化实验表明,不同腐解时间满江红DOM对汞的甲基化反应均具有促进作用,当DOM芳香性较高,分子量较小时,其促进汞甲基化能力增强,腐解初始时DOM促进汞甲基化作用最强,随腐解时间呈现先降低后升高逐渐平稳的趋势. 疏水性组分对汞甲基化促进作用显著高于亲水性组分,其中HOB促汞甲基化能力最强. 腐解后期HIA、HIN对汞甲基化无促进作用.Abstract: The dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from Azolla imbricata, one of major organic matter contributors in the rice field, plays an important role in the morphology and transformation mechanism of mercury in paddy soil. In this study, taking DOM of A. imbricata from paddy field as research object, such advanced instruments as UV Absorption Spectroscopy and 3D Fluorescence Spectroscopy were employed to characterize the DOM derived from A. imbricata which was sampled at different intervals during the decomposition of A. imbricata biomass. In addition, six sub-fractions of the DOM (HOA, HOB, HON, HIA, HIB, HIN) were obtained via a tandem resin setup. The DOM and its subfractions sampled from the different interval during decomposition of A. imbricata were mixed with Hg2+ solution respectively, in an attempt to reveal their effects on the mercury methylation process and thereafter provide theoretical basis for improving the production safety of mercury-contaminated farmland. The results showed that the highest SUVA254 value of the DOM was observed at the initial stage (0 day) of the decomposition experiment, followed by a sudden decline and slow rise as the decay of A. imbricata biomass lasted. Small molecular weight DOM increases in the middle stage of decomposition. In accordance with spectral of fluorescence spectroscopy, the protein-like component dominated the whole decomposition process, with a slight decline at the late stage. The humus-like component decreased at the early stage and then increased gradually. The DOM derived form A. imbricata could promote the methylation of mercury at different decomposition intervals. And DOM with high aromaticity and small molecular weight has a stronger ability to promote MeHg production. It was at the initial time of decomposition that DOM exhibited the strongest promoting effect on the production of methylmercury, and followed by a trend of decreasing first and then increasing gradually. The hydrophobic component showed a significantly higher capacity than the hydrophilic ones in term of promoting the methylation reaction of mercury. Among six subfractions, HOB seemed to be the greatest contributor toward the promotion of the methylation of mercury while the contribution from hydrophilic components such as HIA and HIN was negligible, especially in the later stage of decomposition.
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Key words:
- mercury /
- methylation /
- dissolved organic matter /
- spectral analysis /
- sub-fraction.
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表 1 不同腐解时间满江红DOM的DOC变化情况
Table 1. Variation of the DOM derived from A. imbricata in different decomposition time
腐解时间/d
Decomposition time0 15 30 60 90 120 DOCDOM/(mg·L−1) 2010 1548 1724 1362 1016 946 表 2 不同腐解时间满江红DOM紫外吸收光谱参数
Table 2. Spectral parameters of UV absorption of the DOM derived from A. imbricata at different decomposition time
腐解时间/d
Decomposition timeS275—295 S350—400 SR SUVA254 a(355)/m−1 0 0.0111 0.0242 0.4584 35.9422 10.8441 15 0.0328 0.0512 0.6409 6.9077 1.6118 30 0.0413 0.0319 1.2935 8.7498 0.6908 60 0.0380 0.0267 1.4260 10.3616 1.6118 90 0.0181 0.0184 0.9841 15.8439 3.6403 120 0.0108 0.0245 0.4415 13.8922 4.2214 表 3 不同腐解时间满江红DOM荧光光谱参数
Table 3. Fluorescence spectral parameters of the DOM derived from A. imbricata at different decomposition time
腐解时间/d
Decomposition time0 15 30 60 90 120 荧光峰强度
Fluorescence intensityB 761.44 1604.17 2009.44 3404.49 4652.30 2980.78 T 930.53 1221.73 1473.73 2529.73 3686.73 2976.73 A 192.98 195.24 205.64 351.54 502.74 512.44 M 312.49 397.19 431.59 704.79 986.69 952.49 C 81.03 22.40 24.44 67.47 169.00 111.34 荧光参数
Fluorescence parameterFI 2.40 1.86 2.43 2.42 2.42 2.48 BIX 0.54 1.67 1.51 1.61 0.96 1.06 HIX 0.47 0.07 0.08 0.10 0.15 0.23 表 4 不同腐解时间满江红DOM三维荧光光谱区域积分值(×104 au·nm2)
Table 4. FRI of three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum of the DOM derived from A. imbricata at different decomposition time
腐解时间/d
Decomposition time0 15 30 60 90 120 Ⅰ(芳香族蛋白类Ⅰ)
Aromatic ProteinⅠ52.62 149.35 178.204 216.85 348.50 226.01 Ⅱ(芳香族蛋白类Ⅱ)
Aromatic ProteinⅡ96.10 111.44 131.38 223.63 397.14 355.77 Ⅲ(富里酸类)
Fulvic acid-like23.51 21.82 25.722 40.80 75.99 74.85 Ⅳ(溶解性微生物副产物类)
Soluble microbial by-product-like43.43 87.24 98.89 168.75 216.473 156.29 Ⅴ(腐殖酸类)
Humic acid-like11.05 8.46 9.78 15.322 26.30 22.92 -
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