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室内环境是人类日常生活工作的重要场所,人类长时间都待在室内,因此长期接触室内灰尘物质[1-2]. 同时室外颗粒物通过人类活动、空气循环等途径进入室内,使得室内灰尘成为各种污染物的汇聚点. 其中富集于灰尘中的重金属具有高毒性,难降解性和隐蔽性等特点,可通过呼吸、皮肤接触和手-口摄食等途径进入人体,对人体健康构成潜在危害[3-5]. 随着国民生活水平的不断提高,城市室内灰尘重金属污染越来越受到社会的关注[6-8].
近年来,国内外学者对城市室内不同环境下灰尘重金属的来源与含量[9-10]、时空差异[11]与污染风险[12]等开展大量工作,研究表明室内灰尘Cd、Cu、Zn等元素超标较多具有潜在健康风险[13-15],且人体在室内接受的暴露量较大,约是室外的1000倍[16]. 然而在现有的研究中,多以城市办公、居民区、宿舍等特定室内灰尘研究为主[17-18],缺乏针对城市内高校不同环境下室内灰尘重金属污染和生态健康风险的综合报道.
高校作为一个城市重要的功能区,是学生及教师长期生活学习的场所. 高校师生众多,人群密集且大部分时间在室内活动,室内灰尘重金属将对高校师生健康产生极大影响[19-20]. 此外,师生每天在宿舍、教室、图书馆等不同室内区域活动,关于不同环境下室内灰尘对人体健康危害是否存在差异的研究还不见报道. 因此本文以河南省某高校宿舍、教室、图书馆等室内为例,对其地表灰尘重金属进行测定,并进行生态健康风险评价,旨在保护高校人群身体健康,为高校环境治理提供借鉴.
河南某高校不同环境室内灰尘重金属污染特征及生态健康风险评价
Pollution characteristics and ecological health risk assessment of heavy metals in indoor dust in different environmental areas of a university in Henan Province
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摘要: 探讨高校室内灰尘重金属污染情况对于保障师生身体健康具有重要意义. 以河南某高校为研究对象,采集宿舍、图书馆和教学楼等室内44个灰尘样品,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,运用污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价室内灰尘重金属污染程度,利用美国环境保护局(US EPA)开发的人体健康风险评价模型对非致癌和致癌风险进行评价. 结果表明,6种重金属元素的平均含量均高于当地灰尘重金属背景值;教学楼的Pb、Cu、Ni的平均含量较高,Cr、Zn在图书馆含量较高,Cd宿舍区含量较高. 教学楼的污染负荷指数最高,属于重度污染,图书馆和宿舍楼为中度污染. 综合潜在生态风险指数大小为教学楼>图书馆>宿舍楼,均为较高生态风险,其中Cd为最主要的生态风险因子. 不同环境室内的非致癌风险值为教学楼>图书馆>宿舍,总致癌风险值大小为图书馆>教学楼>宿舍,均不存在健康风险;Cr是最主要的非致癌因子(65.4%)和致癌风险因子(98.96%). 本研究揭示了高校不同环境室内灰尘重金属污染情况、生态风险及健康风险状况,为高校室内不同区域重金属污染防治和治理提供了科学依据.Abstract: Studying on the pollution of heavy metals in indoor dust in university has great significance to ensure the health of teachers and students. This research takes a university in Henan Province as the research object, and 44 indoor dust samples were collected from 3 different environmental areas: dormitories, libraries, and classroom. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The pollution load index method and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the pollution degree of heavy metals in indoor dust. The human health risk evaluation model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) was used to evaluate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The results showed that the average contents of six heavy metals were all higher than the background values in local dust and their contents in the dust of different environment had a certain difference. Specifically, the average content of Pb, Cu, and Ni in the classroom, Cr and Zn in the library, and Cd in the dormitory is higher than others. The classroom suffered severe pollution with the highest pollution load index, and the library and dormitory were moderately polluted. In addition, the comprehensive potential ecological risk index in the three different environmental areas all demonstrated high ecological risk, but with different order: classroom > library > dormitory, and Cd is the most important ecological risk factor. The overall order of the non-carcinogenic risk of different environmental areas was classroom > library > dormitory; the total carcinogenic risk decreased in the order of library > classroom > dormitory without health risk. Among all the heavy metals, Cr is the most important non-carcinogenic factor and carcinogenic risk factor, accounting for 65.4% and 98.96%, respectively. This research revealed the pollution characteristics, ecological risk and health risk of heavy metals in indoor dust in different environmental areas of colleges and universities. These findings could provide some reference for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in different indoor environment of colleges and universities.
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Key words:
- university /
- indoor dust /
- heavy metals /
- ecological health risk.
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表 1 河南某高校室内灰尘采样区
Table 1. Indoor dust sampling area of a university in Henan
地点
Location编号
Number人员信息
Personnel information周边环境状况
Surrounding environmental conditions图书馆 T1-T7 本科生、教师及研究生 前后为学校主要活动的两个广场,紧挨两条道路 教学楼 Z1-Z7 本科生、教师及研究生 前方临近广场,两侧分布道路,人员活动密集 宿舍区a B1-B6 本科生 楼下有小吃街,临近居民区和主干道,环境复杂 宿舍区b D1-D6 本科生 周边为居民区,近邻道路,环境复杂 宿舍区c N1-N10 本科生及研究生 处于校内,临近食堂,东侧为施工区 宿舍区d H1-H8 本科生及研究生 靠近学校,临近小吃街,南侧为施工区 表 2 健康风险暴露参数值
Table 2. Human health risk exposure parameter value
表 3 非致癌风险参考剂量值和 致癌风险斜率参考值
Table 3. Non-carcinogenic risk reference dose value and carcinogenic risk slope reference value
元素
ElementRfDij /(mg·kg−1·d−1) SF/(kg·d·mg−1) 手口摄入
Ingest呼吸摄入
Inhale皮肤摄入
Derma呼吸摄入
InhaleCd 1.00×10−3 1.00×10−3 1.00×10−5 6.30 Cr 3.00×10−3 2.86×10−5 6.00×10−5 42.00 Cu 4.00×10−2 4.02×10−2 1.20×10−2 Ni 2.00×10−2 2.06×10−2 5.40×10−3 0.84 Pb 3.50×10−3 3.52×10−3 5.25×10−4 Zn 3.00×10−1 3.00×10−1 6.00×10−2 表 4 灰尘重金属含量统计
Table 4. Statistics of heavy metal content in dust
重金属
Heavy metal背景值/(mg·kg−1)
Background value最小值/(mg·kg−1)
Minimum最大值/(mg·kg−1)
Maximum平均值/(mg·kg−1)
Average变异系数
Coefficient of variation超标率
Standard-exceeding ratioCd 0.30 0.45 3.07 1.45 50.54% 100% Cr 46.51 23.64 173.92 78.25 41.76% 84.10% Cu 20.54 14.15 212.01 56.35 60.68% 95.50% Ni 26.43 4.11 149.08 34.01 72.69% 61.40% Pb 24.58 6.81 787.23 109.44 103.20% 95.50% Zn 77.21 62.34 1306.02 444.90 64.34% 97.70% 注:背景值采用开封市周边地区地表灰尘重金属背景值[25]
Note: the background value is the background value of heavy metals in surface dust around Kaifeng City[25]表 5 图书馆、教学楼和宿舍楼室内灰尘中重金属显著性检验
Table 5. Significance test of heavy metals in indoor dust of library, classroom and dormitory.
元素
Element图书馆-教学楼
Library-classroom图书馆-宿舍楼
Library- dormitory教学楼-宿舍楼
Classroom-dormitory检验方法
Inspection methodCd 0.687 0.451 0.208 LSD Cr 0.053 0.000 0.005 LSD Cu 0.326 0.568 0.177 Tamhane Ni 0.880 0.911 0.589 Tamhane Pb 0.487 0.000 0.778 Tamhane Zn 0.260 0.007 0.916 LSD 表 6 室内灰尘重金属的Pearson相关系数
Table 6. Pearson correlation coefficient of heavy metals in indoor dust
元素
ElementCd Cr Cu Ni Pb Zn Cd 1.00 Cr 0.03 1.00 Cu 0.20 0.31* 1.00 Ni -0.05 0.39** 0.40** 1.00 Pb -0.14 0.36* 0.07 0.28 1.00 Zn 0.09 0.54** 0.04 0.04 0.16 1.00 注:* 在 0.05 水平(双侧)上显著相关,** 在0.01 水平(双侧)上显著相关
Note: * is significantly related at the level of 0.05 (both sides), * * is significantly related at the level of 0.01 (both sides)表 7 不同重金属含量主成分中的因子载荷
Table 7. Factor loads of different heavy metal contents in principal components
元素
Element旋转后主成分载荷
Principal component analysis load after rotation第一主成分PCA1 第二主成分PCA2 第三主成分PCA3 Cd 0.148 0.144 0.839 Cr 0.785 0.403 -0.123 Cu 0.055 0.818 0.283 Ni 0.092 0.810 -0.261 Pb 0.377 0.281 -0.592 Zn 0.912 -0.117 0.086 特征值 1.623 1.600 1.226 累计贡献率/% 27.054 53.72 74.156 表 8 不同环境室内灰尘重金属非致癌风险值表
Table 8. Non-carcinogenic risk values of heavy metals in dust from different environmental areas
元素
Element图书馆
Library教学楼
Classroom宿舍楼
DormitoryHQing HQinh HQder HI HQing HQinh HQder HI HQing HQinh HQder HI Cd 1.20×10−3 1.77×10−7 6.02×10−3 7.22×10−3 1.05×10−3 1.55×10−7 5.27×103 6.32×103 1.42×10−3 2.08×107 7.09×103 8.51×103 Cr 3.71×10−2 5.72×10−4 9.27×10−2 1.30×10−1 2.89×10−2 4.46×10−4 7.24×10−2 1.02×10−2 1.95×10−2 3.01×10−4 4.88×10−2 6.86×10−2 Cu 1.30×10−303 1.89×10−7 2.16×10−4 1.52×10−3 2.25×10−3 3.29×10−7 3.75×10−4 2.63×10−3 1.06×10−3 1.55×10−7 1.77×10−4 1.24×10−3 Ni 1.68×10−3 2.4×10−7 3.11×10−4 1.99×10−3 2.34×10−3 3.35×10−7 4.34×10−4 2.78×10−3 1.34×10−3 1.91×10−7 2.48×10−4 1.59×10−3 Pb 1.31×10−2 1.92×10−6 4.38×10−3 1.75×10−2 5.11×10−2 7.47×10−6 1.70×10−2 6.81×10−2 2.69×10−2 3.93×10−6 8.97×10−3 3.59×10−2 Zn 2.19×10−3 3.21×10−7 5.46×10−4 2.74×10−3 1.17×10−3 1.72×10−7 2.92×10−4 1.46×10−3 1.20×10−3 1.77×10−7 3.01×10−4 1.50×10−3 总HI 5.66×10−2 5.75×10−4 1.04×10−1 1.61×10−1 8.68×102 4.54×10−4 9.58×10−2 1.83×10−1 5.14×10−2 3.06×10−4 6.56×10−2 1.17×10−1 -
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