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浮游生物是湖泊水库等水体中水生生物的重要组成部分,在水域生态系统的能量流动、物质循环和信息传递中起着至关重要的作用[1-2]. 一方面,作为水生态系统的初级生产者,浮游生物在湖泊水库生态系统中扮演着重要角色;另一方面,由于自身对环境因子变化响应敏感且迅速,浮游生物可作为反映水质变化的“指示剂”和水质评估的依据[3]. 因此,关注浮游生物的群落组成及变化对于揭示湖泊富营养化水平以及水质变化具有重要作用[4-5].
东平湖作为山东省第二大淡水湖泊,是黄河下游唯一重要蓄滞洪区、南水北调的重要枢纽、京杭大运河的重要节点,其水质质量对黄河流域的环境保护和高质量发展具有重要影响. 近年来,受流域内污染物输入以及南水北调东线工程影响,东平湖水质以及浮游生物群落发生明显变化[6-7]. Liu等[8]利用多元统计方法探讨了东平湖表层沉积物中硅藻类群与环境变量的关系,结果显示2014年东平湖全年均处于富营养化状态,生态污染较为严重. 董贯仓等[9]研究发现,东平湖水体多以蓝藻门、绿藻门及硅藻门为优势种,东平湖调水工程可通过物质带入影响水质,进而引起浮游植物量的升高. 辛未等[10]采用多样性指数法等生态评价法对2016—2017年东平湖水质与生物多样性进行评价,结果表明,东平湖浮游植物优势种群共计14种(属),以蓝藻门的伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena sp.)、拟浮丝藻(Planktothricoides sp.)为主,东平湖水质总体处于中污染水平. 高雯琪等[11]探究了调水后东平湖浮游动物时空响应,结果表明,东平湖水体多以桡足类(Copepoda, Cop.)、枝角类(Cladocerans, Cla.)及轮虫(Rotifers)为优势种,调水在一定程度上影响了东平湖浮游动物的群落结构,是东平湖浮游动物出现小型化趋势的可能原因之一,同时调水也有利于东平湖的水质改善. 然而,目前有关东平湖浮游生物的研究成果主要侧重于浮游植物或浮游动物单一群落,有关东平湖浮游植物与浮游动物两者相结合的研究较少.
本研究在前人的研究基础上,综合运用Shannon多样性指数法、Pielou均匀度指数法、优势度指数法、Margalef丰富度指数法等多种生态评价法以及Pearson相关性分析法与冗余分析法(RDA)等多元统计方法,分析东平湖秋季浮游植物以及浮游甲壳动物群落结构特征,探讨东平湖浮游生物群落结构的环境驱动因子,以期为东平湖湖区水质污染的治理与防控以及保障用水安全提供理论参考.
东平湖秋季浮游生物群落特征及其与环境因子的关系
Plankton community characteristics and its relationship with environmental factors in the autumn of Dongping Lake, China
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摘要: 作为黄河下游仅存天然湖泊以及南水北调东线工程重要枢纽,东平湖生态环境安全对黄河流域生态环境保护与中国北方供水安全起到重要作用. 为明确东平湖秋季浮游生物群落结构特征及环境驱动因子,于2021年9月对全湖28个采样点进行水样采集与检测,并采用综合营养状态指数法、生态多样性指数法、相关性分析法以及冗余分析法等多种分析方法进行了分析研究. 此次研究共检出浮游植物8门73种(属),浮游甲壳动物2门10种(属),其中浮游植物主要以绿藻、蓝藻和硅藻为主,浮游甲壳动物主要以桡足类和枝角类为主. 浮游植物中,蓝藻门的伪鱼腥藻(Pseudoanabaena spp.)优势度最大(Y = 0.205),浮游甲壳动物中则以剑水蚤(Cyclops)优势度最高(Y = 0.305). 东平湖秋季浮游植物生物密度空间分布与综合营养状态指数(TLI)具有较强相关性,高值均分布于湖区东部与东北岸,而湖区中、西部较低. 浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及Margalef丰富度指数分别为3.70、0.75与1.29,其生态多样性污染评价结果分别为清洁水平、轻污染水平与中污染水平. 冗余分析结果表明,TN为影响东平湖浮游植物生长的主要环境驱动因子,DO为影响东平湖浮游甲壳动物生长的主要环境驱动因子.Abstract: As the only natural lake in the lower Yellow River and an important hub of the eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, its ecological environment security has great impacts on the ecological environment protection in the Yellow River basin and the security of water supply in the northern China. In order to clarify the plankton community characteristics and its environmental driving factors in the autumn of Dongping Lake, water samples from 28 sampling sites were collected in September 2021, and the comprehensive trophic level index method, ecological diversity index method, correlation analysis and redundancy analysis were used. In this study, a total of 73 taxa of phytoplankton (genera or species) in 8 phyla and 10 taxa of crustacean zooplankton (genera or species) in 2 phyla were identified among which Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta were the main phytoplankton, and Copepoda and Cladocerans were the main crustacean zooplankton. Among phytoplankton, Pseudoanabaena spp had the highest dominance (Y = 0.205), and Cyclops had the highest dominance (Y = 0.305) in crustacean zooplankton. The comprehensive trophic level index (TLI) and the spatial distribution of the biological density of phytoplankton in the autumn of Dongping Lake was strongly correlated, with high values in the east part and northeast bank of the lake and low values in the center and west lake areas. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Margalef richness index of phytoplankton were 3.70, 0.75 and 1.29, corresponding to the pollution conditions of clean, light pollution and moderate pollution, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed that TN and DO were the main environmental driving factors affecting the growth of phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton, respectively, in the autumn of Dongping Lake.
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Key words:
- Dongping Lake /
- plankton /
- community characteristics /
- environmental driving factor.
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表 1 不同生物多样性指数评价标准
Table 1. Evaluation criteria of different biodiversity indices
H' 水质类型
Water qualityJ 水质类型
Water qualityD 水质类型
Water qualityH' > 3 清洁水平 J > 0.8 清洁水平 D > 4 清洁水平 2 ≤ H' ≤ 3 β -中污染型 0.5 ≤ J ≤ 0.8 轻污染型 3 ≤ D ≤ 4 轻度污染型 1 ≤ H' ≤ 2 α -中污染型 0.3 ≤ J ≤ 0.5 β -中污染型 1 ≤ D ≤ 3 中度污染型 H' < 1 重污染型 0.1 ≤ J < 0.3 α -中污染型 0 ≤ D < 1 重度污染型 表 2 东平湖秋季浮游生物优势种与优势度
Table 2. Dominant species and degree of dominance for plankton in autumn of Dongping Lake
优势种(属)
Dominant speciesY 浮游植物 蓝藻门 色球藻 (Chroococcus spp.) 0.045 平裂藻 (Merismopedia sp.) 0.058 伪鱼腥藻 (Pseudoanabaena spp.) 0.205 绿藻门 小球藻 (Chlorella spp.) 0.046 衣藻 (Chlamydomonas spp.) 0.022 镰形纤维藻 (Ankistrodesmus. falcatus) 0.054 栅藻 (Scendesmus sp.) 0.085 硅藻门 小环藻 (Cyclotella spp.) 0.184 针杆藻 (Synedra spp.) 0.051 浮游动物 桡足类 无节幼体 (Nauplius) 0.296 剑水蚤 (Cyclops) 0.305 枝角类 象鼻溞 (Bosmina spp.) 0.298 网纹溞属 (Ceriodaphnia) 0.095 表 3 21世纪以来东平湖秋季浮游植物群落特征对比
Table 3. Comparison of phytoplankton community characteristics in the autumn of Dongping Lake since 21 century
时间
Years优势种
Dominant speciesB/ (mg∙L−1) H' 2007[26] 主要优势种群为蓝藻门、绿藻门、硅藻门及隐藻门 23.52 2.60 2007[28] 以蓝藻门的色球藻和席藻为主 — 1.73 2010[29] 伪鱼腥藻、尖尾蓝隐藻、卷曲纤维藻 — — 2010[20] 伪鱼腥藻、尖尾蓝隐藻、镰形纤维藻 — 3.9 2011[20] 伪鱼腥藻、依沙束丝藻、针形纤维藻 — 3.1 2012[20] 伪鱼腥藻、依沙束丝藻、尖针杆藻 — 3.7 2013[25] 色球藻、席藻、小球藻及针杆藻 5.97 1.49 2016 — 2017[10] 伪鱼腥藻、蓝纤维藻、拟浮丝藻、鱼腥藻、平裂藻、巨颤藻、浮丝藻、细小平裂藻、
束丝藻、泽丝藻、席藻、四尾栅藻、湖生卵囊藻、纤维藻— 2.73 2017[9] 漂浮泽丝藻、色球藻、小球藻、小环藻、舟形藻、针杆藻、普通黄丝藻 6.42 1.76 2020[30] 小环藻、平裂藻、颗粒直链藻 — — 2021(本研究) 伪鱼腥藻、小环藻、栅藻、平裂藻、镰形纤维藻、针杆藻、小球藻、色球藻及衣藻 9.02 3.7 -
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