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石河子市是位于新疆天山北麓、乌昌石区域的典型工业城市,工业企业涉及化工、热电、电解铝、硅冶炼、水泥等,近几年,随着经济的快速发展,石河子市冬季以细颗粒物(PM2.5)为首要污染物的大气重污染天气频发[1-2]. 石河子市冬季平均气温为−6—4 ℃,最低气温−17 ℃左右,冬季石河子市以弱偏北风为主,静风频率大,平均风速较小,不利于污染物扩散[3]. 水溶性无机离子(water soluble inorganic ions,WSIIs)是大气PM2.5的主要组分之一,具有表面活性剂的特点,能够提高有毒有害物质在PM2.5中的溶解性,重污染天气下PM2.5中的WSIIs浓度较高,对人体健康危害较大,因此研究大气PM2.5中WSIIs的浓度和变化特征对于研究其来源和治理具有重要的现实意义[4-8].
WSIIs是PM2.5的主要成分之一,目前,国内外对于大气PM2.5中WSIIs的污染特征研究较为普遍,尤其对人口密集和污染较重的典型城市和工业区秋冬季大气PM2.5中的WSIIs进行了深入分析和研究[9-12]. 邢台市位于京津冀区域南部,冬季大气PM2.5污染程度与石河子市类似,王涵等[13]研究发现,冬季重污染期间,邢台市PM2.5平均浓度为176.2 μg·m−3,其中WSIIs以二次离子
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 、${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 为主,分别占PM2.5的18.3%、9.3%和8.5%,3种离子浓度在污染加重时较污染初期分别升高了0.8、2.3、1.2倍. HAN等[14]研究认为,重污染期间硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐等二次离子(SNA,即${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 和${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ )是PM2.5中WSIIs的重要组成部分,且当PM2.5浓度增加时,SNA浓度和占比也随之增加. 新疆奎—独—乌(奎屯、独山子和乌苏)区域是紧邻石河子的另一个工业聚集区,赵雪艳[15]等研究发现,冬季随着污染等级的加重,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 在PM2.5中的质量百分比逐渐增加,严重污染天${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 和${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 质量百分比分别比轻度污染天增加11.7%和5.5%,而${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 组分质量百分比随污染等级的加重而逐渐降低,严重污染比轻度污染降低0.7%,污染越重大气二次转化程度越高,二次颗粒物是导致奎—独—乌区域冬季重污染的主要原因之一. 乌鲁木齐市与石河子市同为乌—昌—石(乌鲁木齐、昌吉和石河子)区域典型城市,魏明娜等[16]研究发现,乌鲁木齐市冬季PM2.5中WSIIs的平均质量浓度为(76.26±36.15)μg·m−3,WSIIs的主要成分为${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 和Cl−,这4种水溶性离子占PM2.5中总水溶性离子的88.91%,冬季PM2.5中${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 和${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 三者之间相关性较高,表明他们具有相似的来源. 石河子市位于奎—独—乌区域和乌—昌—石区域的中间,属于典型的工业城市,工业区位于城区北部,分别研究石河子市城区和工业区大气PM2.5中WSIIs的污染特征和来源,对于研究石河子市PM2.5的污染成因和区域污染传输等具有重要意义.
石河子市冬季城区与工业区PM2.5中水溶性无机离子特征与来源
Pollution characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in Shihezi Urban and industrial areas in winter
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摘要: 为研究石河子市冬季PM2.5中水溶性无机离子(Water Soluble Inorganic Ions,WSIIs)的污染特征和来源,2020年12月和2021年1月在石河子市城区和工业区共布设2个采样点,采集PM2.5样品共122组,使用Dionex ICS-900分析仪对
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 、Cl−、F−、${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 、Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+共9种WSIIs进行分析. 结果表明,冬季石河子市城区PM2.5中WSIIs浓度为(107.18±50.66)μg·m−3,在PM2.5中的占比为56.3%—67.2%,工业区PM2.5中WSIIs浓度为(85.32±35.56)μg·m−3,在PM2.5中的占比为62.2%—63.0%,说明WSIIs是石河子市冬季PM2.5的主要成分,城区WSIIs浓度特征为:${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ >${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ >${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ >Cl−>Ca2+>Na+>F−>K+>Mg2+,工业区为:${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ >${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ >${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ >Cl−>Na+>Ca2+>F−>K+>Mg2+;城区大气PM2.5中SNA(${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 和${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ )的浓度为(97.71±46.13)μg·m−3,在WSIIs中的占比为91.2%±3.1%,工业区SNA的浓度为(76.97±32.87)μg·m−3,在WSIIs中的占比为90.3%±2.7%,说明SNA为WSIIs的主要组分,同时也是PM2.5的主要组分;城区Cl−的浓度低于工业区,Ca2+浓度高于工业区,说明工业区受化石燃料燃烧影响较大,城区受扬尘影响较大;重度及以上污染天气,燃煤排放对PM2.5的贡献大于机动车,燃煤排放对城区的影响大于工业区;城区PM2.5中离子的主要组分为(NH4)2SO4和NH4HSO4,工业区主要为(NH4)2SO4、NH4HSO4和NH4NO3,工业区${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 和${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 之间具有高度同源性.Abstract: To study the pollution characteristics and sources of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) in Shihezi city in winter, 122 PM2.5 samples were collected in two sites of the urban areas and industrial areas from December 2020 to January 2021. The chromatography system (Dionex ics-900) was used to detect the cations and anions (${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ,${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ , Cl−, F−,${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ , Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) of PM2.5. The results showed that, in winter the concentrations of WSIIs in urban areas and industrial areas were (107.18±50.66) μg·m−3 and (85.32±35.56) μg·m−3, respectively, and the proportion of that in PM2.5 were 56.3%—67.2% and 62.2%—63.0%, respectively. WSIIs were the main component of PM2.5 in Shihezi city in winter. The trend of ions concentrations in urban areas were${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ >${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ >${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ >Cl−>Ca2+>Na+>F−>K+>Mg2+, and the urban areas were${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ >${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ >${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ >Cl−>Na+>Ca2+>F−>K+>Mg2+. The concentrations of SNA (${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ,${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ and${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ ) in urban and industrial areas were (97.71±46.13) μg·m−3 and (76.97±32.87) μg·m−3, respectively, and those accounted for 91.2%±3.1% and 90.3%±2.7% of WSIIs, respectively. The results indicated that SNA was the main component of WSIIs and PM2.5. The concentration of Cl− in urban areas was lower than that in industrial areas, and there was different result for Ca2+. The results indicated that the PM2.5 was greatly affected by fossil fuel combustion in industrial areas, while the PM2.5 in urban areas was greatly affected by dust. In severe pollution days, the contribution of coal-fired emission to PM2.5 was greater than that of motor vehicles, and the contribution of coal-fired emission in urban areas was greater than that of industrial areas. The main components of ions in urban areas were (NH4)2SO4 and NH4HSO4, and in industrial areas were mainly (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4 and NH4NO3, There was a high degree of homology between${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ ,${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ and${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ in industrial areas.-
Key words:
- Shihezi city /
- urban and industrial areas /
- PM2.5 /
- water-soluble inorganic ions /
- winter.
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表 1 采样期石河子市城区和工业区PM2.5中WSIIs质量浓度和占比
Table 1. The mass concentration and ratio of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 during sampling period
功能区
Functional areas污染等级
Pollution degree项目
ContentNa+ ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F− Cl− ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ SNA 城区
Urban areas良 ρ/(μg·m−3) 0.71 9.47 0.15 0.17 1.69 0.20 1.65 11.47 13.15 34.09 占比/% 1.8 24.5 0.4 0.4 4.4 0.5 4.3 29.7 34.0 88.2 轻度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.04 15.67 0.16 0.13 1.39 0.23 2.56 18.85 23.67 58.19 占比/% 1.6 24.6 0.3 0.2 2.2 0.4 4.0 29.6 37.2 91.4 中度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.28 21.69 0.24 0.15 1.35 0.38 3.66 26.79 32.85 81.33 占比/% 1.4 24.5 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.4 4.1 30.3 37.2 92.0 重度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.89 30.22 0.31 0.15 1.49 0.75 6.89 34.66 52.49 117.37 占比/% 1.5 23.5 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.6 5.3 26.9 40.7 91.1 严重 ρ/(μg·m−3) 2.08 39.75 0.38 0.29 2.50 1.10 8.52 46.9 70.31 156.96 占比/% 1.2 23.1 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.6 5.0 27.3 40.9 91.3 平均 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.54 25.38 0.27 0.17 1.63 0.59 5.27 29.85 42.48 97.71 占比/% 1.4 23.7 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.6 4.9 27.9 39.6 91.2 工业区
Industrial areas良 ρ/(μg·m−3) 0.62 9.33 0.08 0.08 0.88 0.15 2.80 9.44 11.22 29.99 占比/% 1.8 27.0 0.2 0.2 2.5 0.4 8.1 27.3 32.4 86.7 轻度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 0.97 13.28 0.10 0.05 0.60 0.22 4.12 14.81 16.91 45.00 占比/% 1.9 26.0 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.4 8.1 29.0 33.1 88.1 中度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.26 21.70 0.15 0.09 1.02 0.44 5.11 25.50 31.60 78.80 占比/% 1.5 25.0 0.2 0.1 1.2 0.5 5.9 29.4 36.4 90.7 重度 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.70 24.67 0.19 0.06 0.72 0.45 6.56 28.44 38.14 91.25 占比/% 1.7 24.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.4 6.5 28.2 37.8 90.4 严重 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.93 29.86 0.29 0.09 0.90 0.83 7.26 36.24 50.34 116.44 占比/% 1.5 23.4 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 5.7 28.4 39.4 91.2 平均 ρ/(μg·m−3) 1.39 21.00 0.17 0.07 0.81 0.42 5.49 24.27 31.70 76.97 占比/% 1.6 24.6 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.5 6.4 28.5 37.2 90.2 表 2 石河子市城区和工业区PM2.5中WSIIs相关矩阵
Table 2. Correlation analysis results of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of Shihezi urban and industrial areas
离子
IonsNa+ ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F− Cl− ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ Na+ 0.786** 0.892** 0.469** 0.504** 0.849** 0.894** 0.608** 0.864** ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ 0.742** 0.699** 0.406** 0.378** 0.786** 0.756** 0.879** 0.939** K+ 0.830** 0.694** 0.522** 0.552** 0.873** 0.852** 0.503** 0.791** Mg2+ 0.111 0.104 0.246 0.862** 0.583** 0.587** 0.209 0.423** Ca2+ 0.050 0.128 0.120 0.813** 0.618** 0.580** 0.156 0.423** F− 0.636** 0.736** 0.741** 0.325** 0.226 0.884** 0.598** 0.893** Cl− 0.766** 0.685** 0.635** 0.244 0.212 0.569** 0.529** 0.848** ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 0.602** 0.926** 0.584** 0.027 0.079 0.578** 0.572** 0.830** ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 0.807** 0.963** 0.768** 0.168 0.171 0.825** 0.750** 0.866** 注:右上角为城区,左下角为工业区,“*”为在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关,“**”为在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关.
Ps: The upper right corner is the urban areas and lower left corner is the industrial areas,“*”represents a significant correlation at 0.05 level (2-sided),“**” represents a significant correlation at 0.01 level(2-sided). -
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