微生物-矿物相互作用:机制与重金属固定效应
Microbe-mineral interactions: Mechanisms and immobilization effect toward heavy metals
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摘要: 微生物-矿物相互作用是地表中最基本的地球化学过程,影响着重金属的迁移转化与生态效应. 重金属胁迫下,微生物演化出了一系列适应机制,改变着矿物的表面反应活性,而矿物反过来刺激着微生物的分泌活动. 在两者的协同作用下实现了对重金属的钝化. 本文综述了微生物-矿物相互作用机制,并重点总结了微生物-硅酸盐矿物、微生物-铁矿物体系中微生物和矿物的协同作用对重金属的固定机制. 微生物与矿物之间的作用机制主要包括生物力学和生物化学作用. 一些真菌、放线菌能利用菌丝沿着矿物晶面、解理、裂缝和晶界,在纳米尺度上对矿物进行穿插、挤压、剥蚀等生物力学作用,甚至形成矿物隧道化. 而大多数微生物主要通过分泌铁载体、有机酸以及氧化还原作用改造矿物. 两者相互作用改变着矿物表面及微生物活性,影响着重金属的形态. 微生物-硅酸盐矿物体系主要通过提高固有活性位点利用率,增加额外吸附位点,改变与重金属的作用方式,影响矿物或微生物内部分散性,破坏矿物的结构,改变微生物的分泌活动等方式实现重金属的钝化. 而微生物-铁矿物体系则主要通过加速电子转移的方式促进变价金属向低毒或无毒形态转变. 期望本综述能为微生物-矿物联合修复重金属污染提供理论支持.
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关键词:
- 微生物 /
- 矿物 /
- 重金属 /
- 环境修复 /
- 微生物-矿物相互作用.
Abstract: Microbial-mineral interactions have recently demonstrated to play a critical role in affecting the migration, transformation characteristics and environmental impacts of heavy metals, via formation of “microbial-mineral” binary complexes or “microbial-mineral-organic matter” multiple complexes. Microbes have evolved a series of adaptation mechanisms and survival strategies under heavy metal stress, during which minerals are modified and heavy metals immobilized. In such situation, minerals not only provide nutrients for microbial growth, but could also act as an important protective umbrella for microbes against toxicity of heavy metals or other pollutants. In this review paper, the interaction mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals were first introduced. Subsequently, the synergistic effect and mechanisms of microbe and mineral in heavy metal immobilization were highlighted via microbial-silicate mineral and microbial-iron mineral systems. Mechanisms of microbial interaction with minerals are quite complex, and there are two synergistic actions by which microorganisms can decompose mineral substrates: physical and biochemical. Biophysical weathering of minerals commonly occurs in the interaction of fungi and actinomycetes with minerals. Fungi and actinomycetes can break minerals through fungal hyphae penetration and growth along crystal planes, cleavage, cracks and grain boundaries, mechanically boring and denudating the rocks at the nanoscale, leaving the cracks and tunnels inside. As for the majority of heterotrophic microorganisms, the biochemical route for mineral dissolution is dominated by leaching, which is enforced by three main mechanisms. That is, the secretion of siderophores, organic/inorganic acids and redox actions. These mechanisms strongly accelerate dissolution of mineral, causing the formation of “metal sink” around the microbial biomass. The “metal sink” in return, works as nutrient sources to promote the growth of microorganisms. Importantly, the intimate interaction between microbial and soil mineral significantly alters the surface reactivity of mineral and microbial activity, and therefore leads to the immobilization and changes of speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals. Microbial-silicate mineral and microbial-iron mineral systems were employed to ascertain why microbe-mineral systems possess such merits in heavy metals remediation than single microbe or mineral system. In microbial-silicate mineral system, the interaction of microbe and silicate promotes heavy metal remediation depends primarily upon the following mechanisms: 1) provide additional adsorption sites such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphorus acyl. 2) increase the utilization rate of inherent active sites. 3) change the binding characteristics of heavy metals with minerals, for example, negatively charged microorganisms can act as intermediates to bridge heavy metal ions with minerals, forming stabilized monodentate or multidentate complexes. 4) affect the dispersion or agglomeration status of mineral particles and microorganisms. 5) change the original structure of mineral, like the exfoliation of silicate layers of 2D silicate minerals, or even destroy the lattice structure. 6) make adjustments on the type and content of secretion and excretion products to regulate the microbial activities under the stimulation of direct contact with minerals. While the microbial-iron mineral systems tend to promote the metal or nonmetallic pollutants with variable valence states from toxic forms to less toxic ones by accelerating the electron transfer. This paper aims to provide a solid theoretical and scientific basis for microbial-mineral remediation of heavy metal pollution.-
Key words:
- microbe /
- mineral /
- heavy metal /
- environmental remediation /
- microbe-mineral interactions.
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表 1 常见矿物-微生物相互作用中的细菌汇总
Table 1. Summary of some bacteria involved in mineral–microbe interactions
菌属
Bacteria species作用矿物
Mineral研究内容
Research contents参考文献
Reference革兰氏阴性菌 金黄杆菌hryseobacterium 蒙脱石 矿物介导下细菌重金属抗性调控机制 [37] 鞘氨醇单胞菌Sphingomonas 细菌在矿物表面的黏附及对有机污染物降解的影响 [38-39] 肠杆菌Enterobacter 产生草酸、酒石酸等溶解释放蛭石中的Fe、K、Si元素 [40] 沙雷氏菌Serratia 促进菌-矿复合体生物膜形成,强化Cd2+吸附 [22] 希瓦氏菌Shewanella 含铁黏土矿物-有机配体-希瓦氏菌复合体系生物还原铀 [23] 希瓦氏菌Shewanella 铁氧化物 “砷-微生物-铁氧化物体系”耦合反应动力学模型 [41] 地杆菌Geobacter 微生物驱动二价铁和高活性羟基自由基的形成 [42] 产碱杆菌Alcaligenes 粪产碱杆菌与铁矿物协同作用加速原油降解 [43] 伯克氏菌Burkholderia 钾长石 分泌葡萄糖酸和EPS促进矿物风化,溶出Al、Fe元素 [44] 根瘤菌Rhizobium 细菌肥料,酸解、络合作用释放Si、K、Al元素 [45] 戴氏菌Dyella 黑云母 贫瘠土壤中风化黑云母释放Al、Fe元素 [46] 假单胞菌Pseudomonas 增加多糖分泌量以风化黑云母获取Fe、Mg、K元素 [47] 弗拉托氏菌Frateuria 含钾矿物 解钾从而促进植物生长 [48] 水生拉恩菌Rhanella 金云母 风化矿物溶出Mg、Si元素 [49] 紫色杆菌Janthinobacterium 钾铝硅酸盐 低温仍能风化矿物释放K元素 [50] 色杆菌Chromobacterium 硅酸盐矿物 黏土矿物对紫色杆菌群体感应的影响 [51] 柠檬酸杆菌Citrobacter 碳酸盐矿物 生物成因碳酸盐矿物种类和形态 [52] 根瘤菌Rhizobium 水铁矿 微生物驱动的亚铁氧化过程中碳固定机制与砷转化规律 [53] 地杆菌Geobacter 蓝铁矿 分泌黄腐酸催化异化铁还原反应实现蓝铁矿资源回收 [54] 希瓦氏菌Shewanella 黄钾铁矾 以乳酸为电子供体还原黄钾铁矾生成菱铁矿与磁铁矿 [25] 硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus 铁尾矿 形成"cell-EPS-mineral"复合结构单元促进细菌定殖和矿物转化 [55] 硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus 金红石、闪锌矿 通过生物电化学作用参与半导体矿物的日光催化作用过程 [11] 脱硫弧菌Desulfurivibrio 硫化汞 硫化汞颗粒的表面结构及其生物甲基化潜能 [56] 土壤杆菌Agrobacterium 锰氧化物 细菌与矿物协同促进亚砷酸盐氧化 [57] 地杆菌Geobacter 锑矿物 利用呼吸性砷酸盐、锑酸盐还原酶还原锑 [58] 极地单胞菌Polaromonas 钒尾矿 微生物介导的钒尾矿中钒还原过程 [59] 脱硫弧菌Desulfurivibrio 锑尾矿 脱硫弧菌介导的硫氧化与锑还原耦合过程 [60] 不动杆菌Acinetobacter 含金矿物 细菌介导的金的生物地球化学循环 [61] 假单胞菌Pseudomonas 岩石漆 “水钠锰矿-假单胞菌”复合体系的电子传递过程 [62] 革兰氏阳性菌 芽孢杆菌Bacillus 蒙脱石 细菌-蒙脱石相互作用对蒙脱石结构的影响;
提取细菌EPS构建EPS-蒙脱石复合体强化Cd2+吸附;
微生物代谢对蒙脱石层间有机质保存的影响[63]
[64]
[65]类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus 蒙脱石 微生物风化蒙脱石使其向伊利石转化 [66] 类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus 钙长石、
钾长石细菌粘附促进钙长石溶解释放Si、Al、Ca元素;
风化钾长石释放钾离子等促进植物生长;[67]
[68]节杆菌Arthrobacter 黑云母 分泌葡萄糖酸促进黑云母风化释放Al、Fe元素 [69] 葡萄球菌Staphylococcus 砷黄铁矿 微生物作用下砷黄铁矿中砷的迁移转化 [70] -
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