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水资源对于人类的生存和发展至关重要. 然而由于人口增长、城市化、气候变化、污染和淡水资源过度开发等问题,世界正面临严重的水危机. 据统计,世界上约有三分之二的人口每年至少有一个月处于中度缺水,并且有超过5亿人在一年中经历极端缺水[1]. 在我国,西北和华北地区是主要的缺水区域(图1),受影响的人口约占我国总人口的24.5%[2]. 联合国于2015年制定了可持续发展目标6(SDG6, 清洁饮水和卫生设施),旨在到2030年为所有人提供水和环境卫生并对其进行可持续管理[3].
据估算,大气中水资源超过1.29×104 km3,其中绝大部分以水蒸气形式存在,相当于江河湖泊淡水资源总量的八分之一[4],且可通过自然水体的蒸发不断得到更新. 然而,由于技术、经济和环境等因素的限制,此项非常规且可持续性的水资源当前利用率较低. 从大气中获取水通常有3种方式:(1)雾收集[5](2)露水收集[6]和(3)基于吸附剂的大气集水(atmospheric water harvest,AWH). 其中,雾收集不适用于干旱和半干旱地区. 相较于露水收集,基于吸附剂的AWH关键优势在于,解吸过程中释放的水蒸气可在局部形成一个高相对湿度(relative humidity,RH)的环境,有效提高露点,从而提高在干旱条件下的产水量.
尽管很多吸附材料都可用于基于吸附剂的AWH,但早期研究较多的水吸附剂(如硅胶、沸石)的性能并不尽如人意[7]. 硅胶近似线性的水吸附等温线导致其在低RH条件下吸附容量较低[8];虽然沸石具有高亲水性,但其再生温度过高(>127 ℃)限制了实际应用[9];金属盐(如CaCl2、LiCl)虽然廉价易得,但经过多次循环后形成钝化层,降低其长期性能[10]. 因此,设计和合成具有理想的水吸附和解吸特性的新型AWH吸附材料仍具有重要意义.
金属有机框架(Metal-organic Framework,MOF)是一类由金属离子或簇与有机配体通过配位键形成的材料,具有坚固、结晶和永久多孔的框架结构[11]. 由于MOF中金属和有机配体的多样性,其结构可设计,化学性质高度可调,能够针对特定的应用场景进行定制. 在AWH领域,部分MOF作为一种高效的吸附剂,具有超高的水蒸汽吸附容量和阶梯形的水吸附等温线,可以在较低的温度和压力变化下实现水的吸收和释放,从而降低AWH过程的能耗[12 − 13]. 利用Web of Science核心数据库检索近5年以Metal-Organic Framework和atmospheric water harvest为主题词的文献,并对其进行分析. 结果显示,该主题的发文量呈现递增趋势(图2a),并且MOF及其复合材料在低RH条件下产水能力成为近期研究的热点(图2b).
本文综述了近年在AWH领域应用的MOF材料和相关AWH装置,分析了它们的工作原理和性能优劣,并讨论了MOF在AWH商业化应用中面临的挑战,旨在为缓解水资源短缺问题提供一种新的技术方案.
基于金属有机框架材料大气集水的研究进展
Research progress of atmospheric water harvest based on metal-organic framework materials
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摘要: 大气集水(atmospheric water harvest,AWH)是一种从空气获取淡水的技术,对于缓解水资源危机具有潜在的应用前景. 金属有机框架(metal-organic framework,MOF)是一种具有高比表面积、可调孔道结构的晶态多孔材料. MOF材料对水蒸气的逐级吸附和适中的脱附温度使得其在AWH领域具有较好的适用性. 本文对近年来MOF材料在AWH领域的研究进展进行了系统综述,总结了MOF水吸附机理,梳理了用于AWH的MOF材料和装置及其集水性能. 本文最后还从AWH装置产水效率、运行稳定性和MOF的可持续设计与合成等方面进行了展望,旨在为MOF材料在AWH领域的应用发展提供参考.Abstract: To overcome the challenges of water scarcity for humans, especially in arid regions, atmospheric water harvest (AWH) is a promising technology for obtaining fresh water from the air. Metal-organic Framework (MOF) is a kind of crystalline porous material with high specific surface area and tunable pore structure, and its stepwise adsorption of water vapor and moderate desorption temperature make it a promising candidate for AWH. This review paper critically and systematically analyzes recent research progress of MOF materials in AWH fields, summarizes the mechanism of MOF on water adsorption, and combs out the MOF materials/devices for AWH and their water harvesting performances. The challenges and outlook on the MOF materials for AWH and freshwater production efficiency, operational stability of AWH devices, and sustainable MOF design and synthesis are also included. Therefore, this review could benefit researchers aiming to design MOF materials in the AWH field.
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Key words:
- MOF /
- atmospheric water harvest /
- water adsorption /
- composite /
- device.
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图 2 MOF在AWH领域应用的文献计量分析
Figure 2. Bibliometric analysis of MOF applications in AWH (a) Annual number of publications in the Web of Science core collection on the topics of Metal-Organic Framework and atmospheric water harvest in the last five years (b) VOSviewer word frequency and relevance analysis of the search results above
图 3 水分子在MOF上的吸附机制
Figure 3. Adsorption mechanisms of water molecules on MOF (a) Water molecules at Zn-MOF-74 binding sites: the smaller the ellipsoid, the higher the binding strength[21] (b) Evolution of water molecule structures in MOF-303 at different water adsorption quantities[16] (c) Condensation of water molecules in MIL-101(Cr), red spheres indicate oxygen atoms of water molecules, red and green backgrounds indicate pore channels of 3.4 nm and 2.9 nm diameter, respectively[20]
图 4 MOF在25 ℃的水吸附等温线的比较
Figure 4. Comparison of water adsorption isotherms of MOF at 25 ℃ (a) Water sorption isotherms of the MOF described in Table 1 ;(b) Water adsorption isotherms of MIL-101 (●), MIL-101-NH2 (△), and MIL-101-SO3H (□)[19]
图 6 用于AWH的MOF复合材料(a)LiCl@MIL-101(Cr)的多步骤水吸附/解吸过程示意图[66];(b)包状磁性MOF的制备及其大气水分收集循环的示意图[60];(c)自主渗水复合材料的设计[62];(d)MOF-聚合物复合材料的制备及温度触发的水吸附和解吸过程[63]
Figure 6. MOF composites for AWH (a) Schematic of the multi-step water adsorption/desorption process by LiCl@MIL-101(Cr) [66] ;(b) Schematic of the preparation of encapsulated magnetic MOF and its atmosphere water collection cycles[60] ;(c) Design of autonomous water permeation composites[62] (d) Preparation of MOF-polymer composites and temperature-triggered water adsorption and desorption processes[63]
图 7 基于MOF材料的AWH装置设计(a)由吸水装置和外壳组成的被动式AWH装置的示意图[27];(b)在莫哈韦沙漠测试的主动式AWH装置[42];(c)自适应式AWH装置的示意图[68]
Figure 7. Designs of AWH devices based on MOF materials (a) Schematic diagram of a passive AWH device consisting of an absorbing device and a housing[27] ;(b) Active AWH device tested in the Mojave Desert[42] ;(c) Schematic diagram of an adaptive AWH device[68]
表 1 可用于AWH的MOF及其性质
Table 1. MOF used for AWH and their properties
MOF 金属
Metal配体
LigandBET比表面积/(m2·g−1)
BET specific surface area孔容积/(cm3·g−1)
Pore volume拐点*
Inflection point水饱和吸附量/(g·g−1)
Water saturated
adsorption quantityMOF-801[13] Zr 富马酸 990 0.45 0.08 0.33 MOF-808[13] 均苯三甲酸 2060 0.84 0.36 0.54 MOF-841[13] 4,4’,4”,4”’-甲烷四基四苯甲酸酯 1390 0.53 0.24 0.47 UiO-66[34] 对苯二甲酸 1421 0.58 0.28 0.51 DUT-67[35] 2,5-噻吩二羧酸 — 0.47 0.34 0.42 MOF-303[27] Al 3,5-吡唑二羧酸 989 0.54 0.15 0.48 Al-fum[36] 富马酸 792 0.93 0.26 0.48 MIL-160[37] 2,5-呋喃二羧酸 1070 0.40 0.11 0.37 CAU-10[13] 1,3-苯二羧酸 600 0.26 0.15 0.27 MIL-101(Cr)[18] Cr 对苯二甲酸 3017 1.61 0.47 1.28 MIL-100(Fe)[18] Fe 均苯三甲酸 1549 0.82 0.33 0.81 HKUST-1[18] Cu 均苯三甲酸 1340 0.72 0.16 0.55 *达到水饱和吸附量50%的P/P0. *P/P0 that reaches 50% of the water saturated adsorption quantity. 表 2 用于AWH的MOF复合材料及其水吸附性能
Table 2. MOF composites for AWH and their water adsorption properties
MOF复合材料
MOF composites吸附条件
Adsorption conditions水吸附量/(g·g−1)
Water adsorption quantityHKUST-1/氧化石墨烯/氨基粘土[56] 25 ℃,90% RH 0.67 空心MIL-101(Cr)/Fc(COOH)2[57] 25 ℃,90% RH 1.20 MIL-101(Cr)/纳米纤维[58] 25 ℃,50%、68%和98% RH 0.26、0.56和1.04 UiO-66-NH2/Ti3C2/海藻酸钠[59] 25 ℃,20% RH 0.20 UiO-66/Fe3O4/聚乙烯醇[60] 25 ℃,40% RH 0.20 MIL-101(Cr)/镍金属泡沐/海藻酸钠[53] 25 ℃,60% RH 0.81 Al-Fum/多壁碳纳米管/碳纤维/海藻酸钠[61] 25 ℃,35% RH 0.34 MIL-101(Cr)/聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)[62] 25 ℃,90% RH 3.01 聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)@MIL-101(Cr)[63] 25 ℃,98% RH 4.40 MIL-100(Fe)/硅胶[64] 25 ℃,90% RH 0.57 HKUST-1/LiCl[65] 25 ℃,30%和50% RH 0.50和1.09 LiCl@MIL-101(Cr)[66] 30 ℃,30% RH 0.77 表 3 基于MOF的AWH装置和它们的产水效率
Table 3. MOF-based AWH devices and their water production efficiency
吸附剂
Adsorbent装置类型
Device types操作条件
Operation conditions产水效率/
(L水·kg吸附剂·d−1)
Water production efficiencyMOF-801[68] 自适应 25 ℃,17%—32% RH 3.5 MIL-101(Cr)[69] 自适应 — — Al-Fum/多壁碳纳米管/交联海藻酸钠/碳纤维[61] 主动、被动 23—26 ℃,33%—43% RH 1.4 MIL-101(Cr)/镍金属泡沫/海藻酸钠[53] 主动 25 ℃,60% RH 2.2 MOF-303[42] 主动 27 ℃,32% RH和12—27 ℃,10%—72% RH 1.3和0.7 UiO-66-NH2/Ti3C2/海藻酸钠[59] 被动 25 ℃,20% RH 1.4 MOF-801[70] 被动 22—35 ℃,15%—36% RH 0.25 MOF-801/无孔石墨[27] 被动 10—45 ℃,5%—40% RH 0.1 MOF-801[39] 被动 26—31 ℃,10%—65% RH 0.3 -
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