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随着人口的增长和经济的不断发展,我国环境污染问题日趋严重.据2014年全国土壤污染状况调查公报显示,我国污染土壤占比高达16.1%,推算污染面积近8400万公顷[1].2021年最新发布的中国生态环境状况公报中,全国地表水非优良水质断面(IV—劣V类)占15.1%,其中湖泊的污染情况尤其严峻,劣V类水质占比达到5.2%[2].镉、汞、砷、铜等重金属和多环芳烃、卤代烃、石油烃等有机污染物是导致土壤、水体遭受污染的主要物质.重金属和有机污染物通常具有较高的毒性和环境持久性,严重危害生态环境和人体健康,而且污染治理难度大,已成为当前突出的全球性挑战.因此,开发安全高效、功能多样、环境友好和成本低廉的污染修复材料及修复技术极具重要现实意义.
层状双氢氧化物(layered double hydroxides, LDHs)是一类天然矿物材料,由带正电荷的金属氢氧化物层板、具有电荷补偿作用的层间阴离子以及水分子组成[3].LDHs具有独特的超分子结构,其金属层板和层间阴离子易于调控,这为在原子尺度上分散和调控重金属和有机污染物反应活性位点提供了巨大的潜力[4].此外,LDHs的人工合成策略简便易行,易于实现修复材料的规模化制备[5].基于这样的特性,LDHs衍生出了众多功能多样的插层材料,在环境污染修复领域已经得到了广泛应用,特别是在污染物吸附固定、催化降解和油水分离等方面的应用研究日益增多[6 − 9].
近年来,LDHs材料在环境修复领域呈现出广阔的前景,然而真实环境复杂多变的污染状况使得其应用面临挑战.本文介绍了LDHs材料的结构、性质与合成方法,系统总结了LDHs材料在环境污染修复领域的应用现状,针对限制其广泛应用的问题,重点分析了LDHs材料的性能调控策略,以期为未来功能化LDHs材料的深入开发和应用提供新思路.发展和推广LDHs修复材料可以满足环境修复产业对高效、绿色、低碳解决方案的需求,并为生态环境保护技术的创新和产业的发展注入新活力.
层状双氢氧化物在环境修复中的应用与调控策略
Application and regulation strategies of layered double hydroxides in environmental remediation
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摘要: 环境污染问题已成为当前突出的全球性挑战,严重威胁人体健康和生态安全,迫切需要开发绿色、高效的修复材料去除环境污染物.层状双氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类天然矿物材料,具有良好的环境兼容性、低廉的成本和灵活的可调控性,而且制备方法简单,适宜于规模化生产,其在污染物的吸附固定、催化降解和相分离方面有着广阔的应用前景.本文总结了LDHs材料的结构、性质和主要的制备方法,综述了近年来LDHs材料在固定和消减环境中磷、氟、重金属、有机污染物和放射性核素等污染物的应用进展,针对LDHs应用中存在的问题,重点分析了材料的性能调控策略并对未来发展方向进行了展望.发展和推广LDHs材料可为环境修复功能材料的研发提供新的思路和方法,从而推动绿色、循环、低碳环境修复产业的持续发展.Abstract: Environmental pollution has become a prominent global challenge, which seriously threatens human health and ecological security. It is urgent to develop green and efficient remediation materials to remove environmental pollutants. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are a class of natural mineral materials with excellent environmental compatibility, low cost and flexible modifiability. They are simple to prepare and suitable for large-scale production. LDHs have broad application prospects in the adsorption and immobilization, catalytic degradation, and phase separation of contaminants. In this paper, the structure, properties, and main preparation methods of LDHs were summarized, and the application progresses of LDHs in immobilizing and reducing contaminants such as phosphorus, fluorine, heavy metals, organic pollutants, and radioactive nuclides in the environment in recent years were reviewed. In consideration of the problems encountered in the application of LDHs, the performance regulation strategies of materials were emphatically analyzed and the future development directions were prospected. The development and promotion of LDHs could provide new ideas and methods for the research and development of environmental remediation functional materials, thus promoting the sustainable development of the green, circular, and low-carbon environmental remediation industries.
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Key words:
- layered double hydroxides /
- environmental remediation /
- adsorption /
- catalysis /
- regulation strategy.
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