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近年来,基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术(persulfate−based advanced oxidation processes,PS−AOPs)作为去除水中难降解有机物的有效方法而受到广泛关注[1 − 3]. 研究表明,PS−AOPs主要依赖于体系中的硫酸根自由基(SO4·−)、羟基自由基(·OH)等作为活性氧化物质(reactive oxide species,ROS)发挥氧化作用,进而分解、矿化体系中的有机污染物. 含Co、Ag、Cu、Mn、Fe、Au、Ru等多种金属元素在内的多种非均相催化剂可有效激活过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)和过二硫酸盐(peroxydisulfate,PDS)去除体系中的有机污染物[4-5]. 非均相催化的显著优点在于固相催化剂可以通过过滤或离心等操作从反应后的体系中分离,能够有效控制产物中的金属残留、降低二次污染风险[6].
近年来,随着纳米催化科学的发展和表征技术的进步,金属催化剂表面锚定的活性粒子被缩小到原子水平,被定义为单原子催化剂(single−atom catalysts,SAC). SAC相较于常规纳米催化剂显示出以下几点突出优势[7 − 8]:(1)锚定在载体上的特定位点的金属单原子与载体阴离子之间将形成强化学键,将有效提高催化剂的反应活性和稳定性;(2)SAC表面金属原子理论分散度高达100%,具有理论上的最大原子利用效率;(3)活性位点结构及分散状态均一,可从原子甚至电子层次下研究催化体系中的构效关系. 基于以上显著优势,根据Web of Science(WOS)和China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI)发文量统计数据(见图1)可以明显看出,SAC的开发和应用得到了越来越多研究者的关注,并逐渐成为非均相PS−AOPs技术研究的发展前沿[9 − 10]. 本文重点综述了SAC活化过硫酸盐产生氧化活性物质的驱动机制,对结构调控与催化性能的相关性进行了系统总结,深入了解结构−性能关系,指出了精确调整催化剂活性位点的策略,而后进一步讨论了当前的研究局限和未来的研究需求.
单原子催化剂在过硫酸盐氧化体系中的研究进展
Research progress of single−atom catalysts in persulfate activation
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摘要: 近年来,大量研究表明过硫酸盐高级氧化技术(PS−AOPs)是处理污水中难生物降解有机污染物的有效策略. 寻求高活性、高稳定性、低成本的催化剂是实现过硫酸盐高效活化降解新污染物的关键. 相比于传统金属纳米颗粒催化剂,单原子催化剂(SAC)在PS−AOPs中表现出超快的反应速率、较低的金属负载量以及强金属与载体相互作用等优点. 更重要的是,SAC具有原子级分布的活性中心,以便于从原子甚至电子层次下研究非均相催化体系中的构效关系和多种反应机制. 然而,目前SAC在PS−AOPs中的研究尚处于起步阶段. 本文重点综述了SAC活化过硫酸盐产生氧化活性物质的驱动机制,对结构调控与催化性能的相关性进行了系统总结,深入了解结构−性能关系,指出了精确调整催化剂活性位点的策略,并对相关研究领域未来的机遇和挑战提出了展望.Abstract: In recent years, persulfate−based advanced oxidation processes (PS−AOPs) have emerged as effective strategies for treating refractory organic pollutants in sewage. The key to achieving efficient persulfate activation for degrading such pollutants lies in the search for high-performance, highly stable, and cost−effective catalysts. In comparison to traditional metal nanoparticle catalysts, single−atom catalysts (SAC) used in PS−AOPs offer several advantages, including ultra−fast reaction rate, low metal loading capacity, and strong metal−carrier interaction. SAC exhibit atomic−level distribution of active centers, enabling the study of structure-activity relationships and multiple reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalytic systems at the atomic or even electronic level. However, research on SAC in PS−AOPs is still in its infancy. The review focuses on the activation mechanism of SAC in PS−AOPs to produce oxidation active species. The correlation between structural regulation and catalytic performance was systematically summarized, the structure−performance relationship was deeply understood, and the strategy of precise adjustment of catalyst active site was pointed out. Finally, the review provides insights into the opportunities and challenges in related research fields.
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Key words:
- persulfate /
- advanced oxidation processes /
- single−atom catalyst /
- reaction mechanism.
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图 3 (a)M−SACs在30min内对BPA的降解曲线及降解速率;(b)由IF−67包覆PAN纳米纤维制备Co−NPs和Co−SAC的方案;(c)不同体系中按Co重量归一化的反应速率常数,该体系和其他研究中提及的催化剂对BPA降解百分比(%)(反应时间和催化剂用量)[44];(d)双酚A在不同催化剂活化PMS作用下的速率常数,Cu−SA/MXene活化PMS高效转化生成1O2过程示意图[41]
Figure 3. (a) Degradation curves and degradation rate of BPA catalyzed by M−SACs within 30 min; (b) Preparation of Co−NPs and Co−SAC by IF−67 coated PAN nanofibers; (c) Reaction rate constants normalized by Co weight in different systems, and the percentage (%) of BPA degradation by catalysts mentioned in this system and other studies (reaction time and catalyst dosage)[44]; (d) Apparent rate constant of BPA in the presence of various catalysts/PMS and the schematic diagram of the efficient conversion process of Cu−SA/MXene activated PMS to generate 1O2 [41]
图 4 (a)Co−SAC的制备路线及相关的电镜图像,(b)Co−SAC活化PMS的双反应点机理示意图(紫色和绿色分别代表电子积累和电子消耗)[36]
Figure 4. (a) Preparation of Co−SAC and related electron microscope images. (b) Schematic diagram of the mechanism of the double reaction sites of Co−SAC activation of PMS (purple and green represent electron accumulation and electron consumption, respectively) [36]
图 5 (a)2Fe−N4的计算结构模型(粉色、蓝色和灰色的球分别代表Fe、N和C原子),(b)PMS在2Fe−N4位点上的吸附结构和相应的吸附能[62]; (c) Cu−N4/C−B和Cu−N4/C−P的制备策略示意图,色条表示Cu−N4位点的电子密度,富电子(蓝色)和缺电子(红色)[33]
Figure 5. (a) The computational structure model of 2Fe−N4 (the pink, blue and gray spheres represent Fe, N and C atoms, respectively), (b) the adsorption structure and corresponding adsorption energy of PMS at the 2Fe−N4 site[62]; Schematic of the preparation strategy for Cu−N4/C−B and Cu−N4/C−P. The color bar indicates the electronic density of Cu−N4 site, electro−rich (blue) and electro−poor (red)[33]
图 6 (a)C3N4−Fe−rGO活化PDS的反应机理示意图,(b)类Fenton反应催化剂的典型工作pH范围[65];(c)SAFe−N−C制备示意图,(d)PDS和SAFe−75−N−C体系的反应机理[67];(e)Co@N−C上PMS和PDS解离过程计算的势能分布和(f)催化剂表面反应机理示意图(浅蓝色、蓝色、灰色、红色、黄色和白色球体分别代表Co、N、C、O、S和H原子)[68]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of reaction mechanism of C3N4−Fe−rGO activation of PDS, (b) Typical working pH range of Fenton−like catalysts[65]; (c) Schematic diagram of preparation of SAFe−N−C, (d) Reaction mechanism of PDS and SAFe−75−N−C system[67]; (e) Potential energy distribution calculated during the dissociation of PMS and PDS at Co@N−C and (f) Schematic diagram of catalyst surface reaction mechanism (light blue, blue, grey, red, yellow and white spheres represent Co, N, C, O, S and H atoms, respectively)[68]
表 1 PMS和PDS理化性质、反应性和主要氧化剂对比
Table 1. Comparison of Physical–Chemical Properties, Reactivity, and Main Oxidants for PMS and PDS
PMS PDS 离子式 HSO5− S2O82− 结构示意图 标准还原电位(E0 vs NHE.) 1.82 V 2.08 V 双氧键解离能 377 kJ·mol−1 92 kJ·mol−1 248 nm处的摩尔吸收系数 19.1 L·mol−1·cm−1 27.5 L·mol−1·cm−1 解离常数(pKa) 9.3 −3.5 与亲核试剂的反应性 对亲核试剂(如X−和HCO3−)的有效氧原子转移反应
将导致二级氧化剂的形成可忽略(在过量背景阴离子下稳定) 与自由基的
反应性与pH相关
pH < pKa2 = 9.3 (HSO5−)
k(SO4·−) < 105 ( mol·L−1·s)−1
k(·OH) = 1.7 × 107 (mol·L−1·s)−1
pH > pKa2 = 9.3 (SO52−)
k(SO4·−) < 105 (mol·L−1·s)−1
k(·OH) = 2.1 × 109 (mol·L−1·s)−1k(SO4·−) = 1.2 ×
106 (mol·L−1·s)−1首选活化方法 基于非均相催化剂的电子转移活化 基于能量转移的活化 表 2 单原子催化剂/过硫酸盐降解有机污染物概况
Table 2. Summary of degradation of organic pollutants by single atom catalyst/persulfate
催化剂
Catalyst单原子位点
Single atomic site反应条件
Reaction condition催化性能
Catalytic performance金属离子溶出
Metal ion leaching concentrationFe−g−C3N4 [47] Fe [亚甲基蓝]0 = 10 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.5 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 50 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 30 min100%(第一次循环)
~85%(第四次循环)
100%(再生处理后第五次循环)[Fe] = 0.022 mg·L−1(第1次循环)
[Fe] = 0.017 mg·L−1(第2次循环)
[Fe] = 0.011 mg·L−1(第3次循环)Fe−NC[28] Fe [污染物]0 = 22 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.5 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 100 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 160 s100%(双酚A)
~80%(磺胺甲恶唑)
100%(2−氯苯酚)
~35%(马卡西平)
100%(4−氯苯酚)[Fe] = 0.391 mg·L−1 Co−NC[48] Co [污染物]0 = 50 µmol·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.24 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 20 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 15 min100%(苯甲酸)
100%(布洛芬)
100%(对羟基苯甲酸)
100%(双酚A)
100%(对氯苯酚)[Co] = 0.048 mg·L−1(第1次循环)
[Co] = 0.039 mg·L−1(第5次循环)Co−g−C3N4[34] Co [污染物]0 = 5 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 1.0 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 100 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 20 min100%(环丙沙星)
100%(磺胺甲恶唑)
100%(四环素)
100%(苯酚)— Mn−NC[49] Mn [磷酸氯喹]0 = 25 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 2.0 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 1000 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 30 min~90%(第一次循环)
~55%(第二次循环)
~55%(第三次循环)[Mn] = 0.018 mg·L−1 Mn−NC[50] Mn [污染物]0 = 20 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.2 g·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 200 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 6 min100%(双酚A)
100%(亚甲基橙)
100%(苯酚)
97.8%(环丙沙星)
100%(氧氟沙星)[Mn] = 2.097 mg·L−1 CuSA−NC[51] Cu [2,4 −二氯苯酚]0 = 100 µmol·L−1
[PDS]0 = 0.5 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 40 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 30 min~95% [Cu] = 0.013 mg·L−1 Cu−N4/C−B[33] Cu [双酚A]0 = 20 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.2 g·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 100 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 5 min~95% — Ni−NC[52] Ni [苯酚]0 = 10 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.1 g·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 100 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 60 min94.8%(第1次循环)
86.8%(第2次循环)
81.9%(第3次循环)[Ni] = 0.0291 mg·L−1(第1次循环)
[Ni] = 0.0111 mg·L−1(第2次循环)
[Ni] = 0.0058 mg·L−1(第3次循环)Fe/Cu–N–C[53] Fe和Cu [氯霉素]0 = 20 mg·L−1
[PDS]0 =5.0 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 100 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 60 min82.4%(第1次循环)
~70%(第5次循环)— Cu−SA/MXene[41] Cu [双酚A]0 = 10 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 2.0 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 500 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 10 min>90% (5次循环降解) [Cu] = 6.8×10−4 mg·L−1 pH=3.0
[Cu] = 4.5×10−4 mg·L−1 pH=5.0
[Cu] = 2.1×10−4 mg·L−1 pH=7.0
[Cu] = 1.6×10−4 mg·L−1 pH=9.0
[Cu] = 0.8×10−4 mg·L−1 pH=11.0Co SAC/Mn3O4[42] Co [磺胺甲恶唑]0 = 2 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 0.2 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 200 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 30 min>90% (6次循环降解) [Co] = ~0.055 mg·L−1(第1次循环)
[Co] = ~0 mg·L−1(第6次循环)Cu−In2O3/Ov Cu [四环素]0 = 20 mg·L−1
[PMS]0 = 1 mmol·L−1
[催化剂]0 = 500 mg·L−1
反应时间 = 20 min>90% (5次循环降解) [Cu] = 0.032 mg·L−1 -
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