国外替代品风险评估方法研究及我国评估要点初探
Research on International Alternative Risk Assessment and Preliminary Study of Key Assessment Points in China
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摘要: 为应对有毒有害化学品的环境和健康问题，同时满足工业发展需求，各类替代品被开发并广泛使用。为避免“遗憾替代”，国际社会研究制定了一系列替代品评估技术指南文件，明确了评估的技术方法和要求。本文综述了联合国环境署、经济合作与发展组织、欧洲化学品管理局、美国环境保护局等国际组织/机构发布的评估框架内容，对比分析各框架的核心技术方法，研究提出我国替代品环境风险评估工作的技术要点，为加强有毒有害化学物质的环境风险管控提供技术支撑。Abstract: In order to address the environmental and health issues of toxic and harmful chemicals while meeting the needs of industrial development, various alternatives have been developed and widely used. To avoid the regrettable substitution, the international community has developed a series of technical guidelines for alternative assessment, and clarified the assessment technical methods and requirements. This article summarizes the content of assessment frameworks issued by international organizations/institutions such as the United Nations Environment Programme, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the European Chemical Agency, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, etc., compares and analyzes the core technical methods of each framework, and preliminarily proposes the technical key points of the alternative environmental risk assessment in China, providing technical support for strengthening the environmental risk management of toxic and harmful chemicals.
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Key words:
- alternatives /
- chemicals /
- environmental risk assessment /
- technical guidance
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United Nations Environment Programme. Global Chemicals Outlook Ⅱ[R]. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, 2019 United Nations Environment Programme. General guidance on considerations related to alternatives and substitutes for listed persistent organic pollutants and candidate chemicals[R]. Geneva: United Nations Environment Programme, 2009 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Guidance on key considerations for the identification and selection of safer chemical alternatives[R]. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2021 European Chemical Agency. Guidance on the preparation of an application for authorization[R]. Helsinki: European Chemical Agency, 2021 United States Environmental Protection Agency. History of safer choice and Design for the Environment[EB/OL]. (2022-09-26)[2023-06-22]. https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/history-safer-choice-and-design-environment#:~:text=The%20Design%20for%20the%20Environment%20%28DfE%29%20Program%20began,when%20designing%20and%20manufacturing%20comme-rcial%20products%20and%20processes United States Environmental Protection Agency. Chemical alternatives assessments: Enabling substitution to safer chemicals[R]. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010 United States Environmental Protection Agency. Design for the Environment Program alternatives assessment criteria for hazard evaluation[R]. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2010 Lowell Center for Sustainable Production. Alternatives assessment framework from the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production Version 1.0[R]. Somerville: Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, 2006 Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse. Alternatives Assessment Guide Version 1.1[R]. Boston: Interstate Chemicals Clearinghouse, 2017 German Environment Agency. Guide on sustainable chemicals[R]. Dessau-Roßlau: German Environment Agency, 2016 BizNGO. BizNGO for Safer Chemicals & Sustainable Materials[EB/OL]. (2022-08-20)[2023-06-22]. https://www.bizngo.org/about/mission-bz Clean Production Action. CPA Programs[EB/OL]. (2022-01-01)[2023-06-22]. https://www.cleanproduction.org/ Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Alternatives assessment and substitution of harmful chemicals[EB/OL]. (2021-01-01)[2023-06-22]. https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-management/substitution-of-hazardous-chemicals/ -
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