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精神活性物质是指摄入人体后影响思维、情感、意志行为等心理过程的物质,一般可分为用于治疗精神类疾病的精神药品和违禁药品。目前,已有大量精神药品被用于治疗精神类疾病。其中苯二氮卓类药物是最为常用的一类精神疾病处方药物,用于治疗焦虑、失眠和癫痫等,包括地西泮、奥沙西泮以及劳拉西泮等[1]。违禁药品一般指与医疗、预防和保健目的无关的,用药者采用自身给药的方式,会导致精神依赖性和生理依赖性,造成精神紊乱或精神亢奋和出现一系列异常行为,并且反复大量使用有依赖性特性的药物,可分为可卡因类、安非他命类、鸦片类、大麻类以及摇头丸类等[2]。
精神活性物质已经成为环境中的新型污染物。与常规药物类似,精神活性物质被服用后,生成的代谢产物和未被代谢的部分原药随尿液进入市政管道,汇入污水处理厂。由于部分精神活性物质及其代谢产物较难被传统活性污泥法降解去除,经污水处理厂处理后,未被去除的精神活性物质及其代谢产物被排入自然水体中。当前,已经在国内外污水处理厂进出水口[3-6]、地表水[7-10]、底泥[11]以及自来水[12-14]中均检测到了精神活性物质的残留。同时,精神活性物质可蓄积在水生生物体内,通过影响水生生物血液中神经递质含量,对其行为造成不利影响,进而影响水生态系统的稳定。有研究表明,在鱼体各组织(肝、脑、肌肉)中检测到一定程度的精神活性物质蓄积[15]。精神活性物质被鱼体吸收后,通过血液传输至各组织器官,因此鱼血中的残留浓度可以较好地反映水环境中精神活性物质的残留状况[16]。但是,目前鲜有研究对鱼血中的精神活性物质进行残留分析。
对于血清的前处理通常使用液液萃取法(LLE)[17]、蛋白质沉淀法(PPT)[18]和固相萃取法(SPE)[19]。其中,液液萃取法虽然对血清中的大分子蛋白质的净化完全,但操作繁琐、耗时较长、需要消耗大量溶剂;蛋白沉淀法虽然操作简单,但对分子量较小的蛋白质和大部分磷脂的去除不完全,易导致基质效应干扰明显;固相萃取法虽然有比较好的除杂效果和较高的回收率,但可能造成目标物和蛋白质或磷脂的共萃取效应,且操作复杂,成本较高[20]。QuEChERS方法最初用于检测水果和蔬菜中农药检测的前处理,分为乙腈提取和吸附剂净化两步。QuEChERS方法采用乙腈为萃取剂能有效降低脂肪等大分子的共萃出,降低基质效应,同时利用吸附剂净化处理简单、快速。因此,QuEChERS方法正不断发展成为各类介质,如底泥[21]、食物[22]中多种有机污染物检测的前处理方法。
大部分精神活性物质在环境中和生活体内通常以ng·L−1—µg·L−1的浓度水平存在,因此具有高选择性、高灵敏度优势超高效液相色谱−串联质谱技术(UPLC-MS/MS)成为了对多种精神活性进行同时快速检测的首选[12, 23-25]。有研究建立了一种检测人体血液中13种精神活性物质的方法,检测限可达0.008—0.15 ng·mL−1 [26]。
本文建立了一种基于QuEChERS前处理方法的鱼血清中19种精神活性物质同时检测的快速分析方法,并成功利用该方法对鲫鱼血清中的精神活性物质残留进行分析。该方法为评估精神活性物质在鱼体的内暴露浓度和蓄积效应提供了快速、简便、可靠的方法。
QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定鱼血清中的精神活性物质
Simultaneous determination of psychoactive substances in fish serum by QuEChERS and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry
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摘要: 本文建立了一种同时测定鱼血清中19种精神活性物质的分析方法。该方法基于QuEChERS方法对样品进行提取和净化,待测物采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)进行分析,检测的19种精神活性物质均采用同位素内标法定量。该方法的方法检测限(MDL)范围为0.02—0.06 ng·mL−1,基质效应处于76.7%—127.7%之间,相对回收率处于81.1%—123.9%之间,方法相对标准偏差均
$\geqslant $ 18.0%。该方法成功应用于对鲫鱼血清中19种精神活性物质的残留检测。Abstract: A method was developed to simultaneously detect 19 psychoactive substances in fish serum. The serum was extracted and purified by QuEChERS, and then analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).The method detection limits (MDLs) were in the range of 0.02 ng·mL−1 to 0.06 ng·mL−1. The matrix effects were between 76.7% and 127.7%. The relative recoveries ranged from 81.1% to 123.9% with the relative standard deviations of method$\geqslant $ 18.0%. The method has been successfully employed to analyze the 19 psychoactive substances in serums of Crucian carp (Carassius carassius).-
Key words:
- psychoactive substances /
- serum /
- fish /
- QuEChERS /
- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
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表 1 19种精神活性物质和10种同位素内标信息
Table 1. Information of psychoactive substances
物质名称Compound 英文全称English name 简称Abbreviated name 类别Class 阿普唑仑 Alprazolam ALPZ 精神药品 阿尔法羟基阿普唑仑 α-Hydroxy-alprazolam OH-ALPZ 地西泮 Diazepam DIAZ 劳拉西泮 Lorazepam LORZ 氯甲西泮 Lormetazepam LRMZ 咪达唑仑 Midazolam MIDZ 精神药品 阿尔法羟基咪达唑仑 α-Hydroxy-midazolam OH-MIDZ 奥沙西泮 Oxazepam OXA 替马西泮 Temazepam TEMZ 4-甲氧基甲基苯丙胺 N-Methyl-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine PMMA 违禁药品 1-(3,4-亚甲基二氧苯基)-2-吡咯烷-1-基戊酮 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDPV 甲氧麻黄酮 Mephedrone 4-MMC 卡芬太尼 Carfentanil Carfentanil 麦角酸二乙基酰胺 Lysergic acid diethylamide LSD 氯胺酮 Ketamine KET 甲基苯丙胺 methamphetamine MAMP 3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone MDMA 苯甲酰爱康宁 Benzoylecgonine BE 6-乙酰吗啡 6-acetylmorphine 6-AM 地西泮-d5 Diazepam-d5 DIAZ-d5 同位素 劳拉西泮-d4 Lorazepam-d4 LORZ-d4 奥沙西泮-d5 Oxazepam-d5 OXA-d5 替马西泮-d5 Temazepam-d5 TEMZ-d5 1-(3,4-亚甲基二氧苯基)-2-吡咯烷-1-基戊酮-d8 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone-d8 MDPV-d8 甲氧麻黄酮-d3 Mephedrone-d3 4-MMC-d3 3,4-亚甲基二氧基甲基苯丙胺-d5 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine-d5 MDMA-d5 甲基苯丙胺-d5 Methamphetamine-d5 MAMP-d5 苯甲酰爱康宁-d8 Benzoylecgonine-d8 BE-d8 氯胺酮-d4 Ketamine-d4 KET-d4 表 2 精神活性物质仪器分析参数
Table 2. Instrumental parameters of analysis of psychoactive substances
物质名称
Compound保留时间/min
Retention time反应离子对
Transitions碰撞能量/eV
Collision energy锥孔电压/V
Cone voltage对应内标物
Internal standards6-AM 2.65 327.9>210.8 26 46 4-MMC-d3 327.9>164.7* 36 MAMP 2.86 150.1>91.0* 16 30 MAMP-d5 150.1>119.0 10 MDMA 2.87 193.8>162.7* 12 24 MDMA-d5 193.8>104.7 28 PMMA 2.99 179.8>148.7* 8 28 BE-d8 179.8>120.7 20 4-MMC 3.08 177.8>144.7* 18 34 4-MMC-d3 177.8>118.8 20 BE 3.04 289.8>167.8* 18 44 BE-d8 289.8>104.7 32 KET 3.13 237.8>124.7* 24 34 KET-d4 237.8>178.8 16 MDPV 3.76 275.9>125.8* 24 38 MDPV-d8 275.9>134.7 22 LSD 3.87 323.9>222.8* 24 8 KET-d4 323.9>206.9 44 OH-MIDZ 4.26 341.8>202.8* 26 10 OXA-d5 341.8>167.7 38 MIDZ 4.40 325.8>290.8* 26 70 OXA-d5 325.8>248.9 36 Carfentanil 4.73 395.3>335.2* 18 32 MDPV-d8 395.3>113.1 28 OH-ALPZ 4.70 324.8>296.8* 28 56 OXA-d5 324.8>215.8 38 OXA 4.87 286.8>162.7* 34 40 OXA-d5 286.8>76.7 46 LORZ 4.98 320.8>228.8* 32 12 LORZ-d4 320.8>193.7 42 ALPZ 4.99 308.8>204.7* 42 66 LORZ-d4 308.8>280.8 26 TEMZ 5.35 300.8>238.7 44 44 TEMZ-d5 300.8>192.7* 34 LRMZ 5.49 334.8>176.7* 40 58 DIAZ-d5 334.8>266.6 16 DIAZ 5.69 284.8>221.7 24 62 DIAZ-d5 284.8>192.7* 28 MAMP-d5 2.87 154.8>91.4* 16 28 MDMA-d5 2.87 198.8>164.7* 12 20 4-MMC-d3 3.07 180.8>147.7* 20 30 BE-d8 3.02 297.9>170.8* 20 10 KET-d4 3.13 241.8>128.7* 28 24 MDPV-d8 3.75 283.9>134.2* 26 38 OXA-d5 4.85 291.8>235.8* 22 30 LORZ-d4 4.96 324.8>232.8* 28 24 TEMZ-d5 5.32 305.8>176.9* 42 38 DIAZ-d5 5.66 289.8>153.8* 28 54 注:*:定量离子对; Note:*:Quantification transition. 表 3 方法基质效应、相对回收率和检测限(mean ± SD)
Table 3. Matrix effects, relative recoveries and detection limits
物质名称
Compound基质效应ME/% 相对回收率Rr/% 仪器检测限
IDL/(ng·mL−1)方法检测限
MDL/(ng·mL−1)0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 6-AM 102.9±7.4 105.4±3.7 83.3±11.2 88.0±15.8 0.01 0.02 MAMP 96.2±2.7 102.1±7.2 101.6±8.2 97.9±8.3 0.03 0.06 MDMA 101.0±6.1 104.9±4.2 102.4±4.4 100.9±1.6 0.02 0.04 PMMA 108.6±4.9 103.1±3.6 114.1±5.3 111.3±4.4 0.01 0.02 4-MMC 106.4±3.3 108.2±3.6 110.2±3.4 108.1±2.3 0.01 0.02 BE 98.2±2.5 102.7±3.3 103.6±3.2 99.4±2.5 0.01 0.02 KET 127.7±31.4 103.6±6.6 110.3±10.7 102.1±3.3 0.01 0.02 MDPV 100.3±4.3 103.6±4.0 105.3±5.0 101.3±3.1 0.02 0.04 LSD 111.3±2.9 94.3±22.2 105.6±4.2 100.2±5.4 0.03 0.06 OH-MIDZ 109.3±10.0 108.6±5.8 123.9±18.2 122.0±20.3 0.01 0.02 MIDZ 108.4±8.9 105.9±5.2 121.6±18.0 120.2±20.5 0.01 0.02 Carfentanil 113.5±1.2 122.6±4.8 109.0±13.0 119.2±4.2 0.01 0.02 OH-ALPZ 77.3±10.0 76.7±5.9 81.1±8.8 83.2±13.2 0.01 0.02 OXA 84.0±2.5 85.5±2.2 86.0±3.1 84.4±0.7 0.01 0.02 LORZ 97.7±4.2 101.7±6.4 99.1±7.1 101.9±1.8 0.01 0.02 ALPZ 96.5±12.1 98.9±7.1 107.6±13.6 113.7±20.4 0.01 0.02 TEMZ 94.0±6.2 98.1±6.1 100.5±4.2 95.8±3.2 0.01 0.02 LRMZ 98.4±2.9 106.2±4.3 100.1±7.8 99.9±5.0 0.01 0.02 DIAZ 98.7±2.0 104.3±6.2 96.7±2.0 95.5±1.5 0.01 0.02 注:基质效应>100%表示增强,<100%表示抑制.
Note: matrix effect > 100% means enhancement, <100% means suppression.表 4 仪器有效性和方法有效性(n=3)
Table 4. Instrumental validation and method validation
物质名称Compound 仪器日内相对标准偏差/%
Instrumental Intra-day RSD仪器日间相对标准偏差/%
Instrumental Inter-day RSD方法误差/%
Method Er方法相对标准偏差/%
Method RSD0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 0.5 ng·mL−1 5 ng·mL−1 6-AM 2.6 4.2 5.1 15.6 −16.7 −12.0 13.5 18.0 MAMP 4.2 2.3 5.9 6.8 1.6 −2.1 8.1 8.4 MDMA 0.9 1.7 21.1 9.1 2.4 0.9 4.3 1.5 PMMA 2.7 2.9 11.1 8.0 14.1 11.3 4.6 4.0 4-MMC 4.6 1.7 9.2 5.1 10.2 8.1 3.1 2.1 BE 6.4 0.3 4.1 7.9 3.6 −0.6 3.1 2.5 KET 2.5 0.6 7.6 9.8 10.3 2.1 9.7 3.2 MDPV 3.8 2.8 19.0 6.7 5.3 1.3 4.8 3.1 LSD 5.0 1.4 16.2 25.0 5.6 0.2 4.0 5.3 OH-MIDZ 1.6 1.1 1.9 0.5 23.9 22.0 14.6 16.6 MIDZ 3.7 0.9 31.9 18.5 21.6 20.2 14.8 17.0 Carfentanil 1.7 0.6 26.0 21.3 9.0 19.2 11.9 3.5 OH-ALPZ 2.7 0.8 8.0 3.6 −18.9 −16.8 10.8 15.9 OXA 2.0 1.5 6.5 4.8 −14.0 −15.6 3.6 0.8 LORZ 2.1 1.2 6.7 0.6 −0.9 1.9 7.1 1.8 ALPZ 4.6 1.2 3.9 2.4 7.6 13.7 12.6 17.9 TEMZ 3.2 2.3 10.2 2.7 0.5 −4.2 4.2 3.4 LRMZ 5.5 0.9 1.1 3.0 0.1 −0.1 7.8 5.0 DIAZ 5.1 1.1 9.5 5.3 −3.3 −4.5 2.0 1.5 表 5 鲫鱼血清样本中精神活性物质残留情况
Table 5. Psychoactive substance residues in crucian carp serum samples
物质名称
Compound检出率a
DFa浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
Range中值浓度/(ng·mL−1)
MedianKET 1/8 < MDL—0.04 < MDL MAMP 7/8 < MDL—3.93 1.59 DIAZ 2/8 < MDL—0.04 < MDL OXA 1/8 < MDL—0.14 < MDL TEMZ 1/8 < MDL—0.04 < MDL 6-AM 2/8 < MDL—0.07 < MDL OH-MIDZ 1/8 < MDL—0.23 < MDL $ \displaystyle\sum \mathrm{p}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{h}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }\mathrm{s}\mathrm{u}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{s} $ 7/8 < MDL—3.93 1.82 a: 有精神活性物质检出的样本数/总样本数.
a: Number of samples with detection of psychoactive substances / Total number of samples. -
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