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抗生素在世界范围内广泛应用于人类医疗和养殖疾控、增产,污水灌溉、污泥农用、粪肥还田等是抗生素进入土壤的主要途径。土壤中的抗生素一方面会在农作物中富集,并可能通过食物链直接进入人体;另一方面,对土壤生态系统产生影响,并可能通过地表径流释放到水生态系统中。更重要的是,抗生素残留物有可能诱导产生抗生素抗性细菌(antibiotic‒resistant bacteria,ARB),并促进抗生素抗性基因的出现(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),构成严重的公共健康风险[1]。全球与耐药性有关的疾病已经每年导致至少70万人死亡,如果不能减缓耐药性上升,到2050年,耐药感染人数的增加将导致每年1000万人死亡和累计100万亿美元的经济损失[2]。因此,如何降低土壤中抗生素和ARGs及其生物有效性已成为全球日益关注的问题。
生物炭作为一种土壤改良剂,不仅在增加土壤碳汇、提高土壤持水能力和促进土壤肥力等方面具有重要的作用,而且因其多级孔隙结构和丰富的表面官能团具有较强的吸附能力,同时具有固定土壤中重金属和有机污染物的能力,从而降低污染物在土壤中的迁移和生物利用度[3-5]。生物炭通过分配作用、静电引力、表面络合、离子交换、π−π电子供受体相互作用等对吸附抗生素具有潜力[6-7],添加到土壤中可通过改良土壤的孔隙结构,增强土壤的吸附能力,降低抗生素可迁移态,减少抗生素污染地下水和地表水[8]。
本文从我国土壤中抗生素和ARGs污染现状和潜在风险出发,就生物炭添加对土壤吸附-解吸抗生素的影响及其机理,对土壤中抗生素和ARGs迁移、消散和生物有效性的影响,对土壤中酶和微生物的影响分别进行了概述,并对生物炭控制土壤中抗生素和抗性基因的研究前景进行了展望。
生物炭添加对土壤中抗生素和抗性基因的环境行为影响研究进展
Research advances in the effect of biochar amendment on environmental behaviors of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils
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摘要: 近年来,土壤抗生素和抗性基因污染已成为我国新兴的环境问题,生物炭作为土壤改良剂施用到土壤后会影响抗生素和抗性基因的环境行为。本文从我国土壤中抗生素和抗性基因污染现状和潜在风险出发,概述了生物炭添加土壤对抗生素的吸附、解吸及老化的影响,分析了生物炭特性、土壤类型、抗生素种类,和温度、pH值、共存物质等吸附条件对生物炭添加土壤吸附抗生素的影响,阐述了生物炭添加对土壤中抗生素和抗性基因迁移、消散、生物有效性,以及酶和微生物的影响,并对生物炭控制土壤中抗生素和抗性基因的研究前景进行了展望,拟为土壤中生物炭调控技术的发展提供参考。Abstract: In recent years, the soil pollution of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes has become an emerging environmental problem in China. Biochar, as soil amendment, has an effect on the environmental behavior of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes. Based on the pollution situation and potential risks of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils of China, the adsorption and desorption of biochar amendment soil and the effect by aging were summarized. The effect of biochar characteristics, soil type, antibiotic species, and adsorption conditions such as temperature, pH, and coexisting substances on the adsorption of antibiotics on biochar amendment soil were analyzed. The effects of biochar amendment on migration, dissipation, bioavailability of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes and enzymes and microorganisms in soils were discussed. The research prospect of biochar controlling antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in soils was expected, which would provide a reference for the development of biochar regulation technology in soils.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- antibiotics /
- antibiotic resistance genes /
- soils /
- environmental behaviors
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表 1 生物炭添加对土壤吸附抗生素的影响
Table 1. Effect of biochar amendment on adsorption of antibiotics by soils
生物炭 Biochars 土壤 Soils 抗生素 Antibiotics 吸附模型拟合 Adsorption model fitting 吸附机理 Adsorption mechanism 参考文献 Reference 原料 Raw material 热解温度/℃ Pyrolysis temperature 添加比例/%(W/W) Amendment ratio Kf 1/n qmax/ (mmol·kg−1) 硬木屑 850 0、1、3、5、10 森林砂壤土 泰乐菌素 — — — 离子键、疏水相互作用 [19] 软木屑 900 玉米田淤泥土 — — — 大芒 300、700 0、2 农业壤砂土 磺胺二甲嘧啶 9.96—65.77 0.41—0.58 0.77—1.13 静电阳离子交换、π-π电子供受体相互作用 [28] 农业砂壤土 2.64—47.71 0.37—1.00 0.46—0.93 甘蔗渣 350、450、550 0、0.1、0.2、0.5、0.8、1 砖红壤 环丙沙星 2.85—3.76 0.65—0.91 1.48—5.23 分配作用、表面吸附 [21] 氧氟沙星 3.09—3.48 0.59—0.78 1.65—7.12 [22] 绿色废物 350、450、550 0、0.5、1 粉壤土 磺胺甲恶唑 2.18—2.86 0.72—0.78 — — [29] 玉米芯 >650 0、0.5、1 粉壤土 磺胺甲恶唑 8.55—11.89 0.55—0.75 — — [29] 松木屑 700 0、0.5、1 粉壤土 磺胺甲恶唑 28.51—66.99 0.45—0.75 — — [29] 马尾松树干 450 0、2 红壤 氟苯尼考 17.30—3.10 0.49—0.53 0.06—0.24 静电作用、氢键、范德华力 [20] 杉木树干 3.10—7.80 0.53—0.61 0.06—0.20 麦秸 650 0、0.5 农田土S1 磺胺甲恶唑 12.06—8.74 0.74—0.91 — 静电作用、范德华力、氢键 [24] 磺胺二甲嘧啶 16.00—6.55 0.62—0.80 — 磺胺嘧啶 11.41—9.60 0.99—1.01 — 农田土S2 磺胺甲恶唑 4.83—2.80 1.02—1.09 — 静电作用、范德华力、氢键 [24] 磺胺二甲嘧啶 4.64—5.99 1.22—1.77 — 磺胺嘧啶 8.02—3.03 0.99—1.14 — 农作物秸秆 500 0、1、5 紫色土 环丙沙星 2.38—2.65 1.10—1.56 — — [30] 氧氟沙星 2.31—2.61 0.93—1.26 — 恩诺沙星 2.36—2.43 0.89—1.17 — 混合秸秆 — 0、5 紫色土 氟苯尼考 3.52—5.32 1.06—2.94 — — [32] 大芒 400、700 0、5 农业砂壤土 磺胺噻唑 2.60—22.30 0.51—0.75 — π-π电子供受体相互作用 [23] 混合秸秆 500 0、1、5 紫色土 磺胺嘧啶 0.48—40.83 0.24—0.70 — 静电引力、阳离子交换、疏水分配作用、 [26] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶 0.34—5.72 0.93—1.53 — 磺胺甲恶唑 0.47—3.92 0.47—0.66 — 混合秸秆 500 0、1、5 紫色土 氧四环素 71.57—351.43 0.53—1.03 — 疏水分配 [31] 氟苯尼考 3.32—6.94 1.06—5.00 — 静电相互作用、氢键、范德华力、分配作用 混合秸秆 500 0、1、5 紫色土 磺胺嘧啶 2.11—18.35 1.63—1.96 — 物理吸附、分配作用、孔道填充作用、氢键、范德华力 [27] 磺胺二甲基嘧啶 2.50—34.82 1.21—1.51 — 氟苯尼考 0. 75—21. 82 0.89—1.43 — — — 0、1 嘉陵江苍溪沿岸土壤 四环素 — — 5.89—15.2 物理吸附、氢键作用、离子交换作用 [25] 嘉陵江南部沿岸土壤 — — 5.69—11.6 嘉陵江嘉陵沿岸土壤 — — 7.44—19.9 嘉陵江合川沿岸土壤 — — 4.81—12.2 -
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