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随着社会工业经济的发展,空气污染问题日益严重,其中代表性的污染物氮氧化物(NOx)因其酸性性质及臭氧生成前驱体的身份而受到广泛关注。氮氧化物的人为源来自化石/生物质的燃烧、机动车尾气及化工行业的排放。氮氧化物在对流层的化学环境中起着重要作用,其不仅会形成硝酸盐改变其他颗粒的物理化学性质,还能与硫酸盐协同作用产生二次污染物有机气溶胶,进而引发酸沉降、温室效应、光化学烟雾及雾霾等环境问题,损害生态环境并对人类健康造成威胁[1-3]。根据国家统计局2011—2019年统计年鉴显示,氮氧化物的减排速度相比于硫氧化物来说较为缓慢[4]。目前“十四五”大气污染防治专项规划已在编制中,生态环境部表示依旧将改善空气质量与促进污染物减排量作为主要目标,着重针对臭氧前驱体物NOx和VOCs设计减排目标,表明氮氧化物控制减排仍是我国大气污染防治工作的重点。
目前对于氮氧化物的消除以烟气净化技术居多,其中选择性催化还原法SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction)因其高脱硝效率成为研究热点技术。催化剂是保证脱硝性能的关键因素之一,研究者们已经陆续制备出多种高效催化剂,但由于实际应用环境中的烟气含有碱(土)金属会致使催化剂中毒失活,使其脱硝性能及使用寿命大幅降低,造成材料的浪费以及经济的损失。因此迫切需要研究者们开发出有良好碱(土)金属耐受性且温度适应性好的高效脱硝催化剂。
研究者们致力于通过表面改性获得稳定抗碱(土)金属中毒、更具实际应用能力的SCR催化剂。基于此,本文总结了提高催化剂对碱(土)金属耐受性的改性方法研究进展,阐述了SCR催化剂碱(土)金属中毒机理、不同方法提高耐受性的抗中毒机制、中毒催化剂不同再生方法及量子化学计算在材料领域的应用,为SCR催化剂开发应用及抗中毒性能研究提供研究思路和参考。
SCR催化剂抗碱(土)金属中毒及再生研究进展
Research progress on resistance to alkali (alkaline earth) metal poisoning and regeneration of SCR catalysts
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摘要: 控制氮氧化物排放技术中,选择性催化还原(SCR)法因脱硝效率高且技术成熟稳定成为目前广泛应用的技术,烟气中碱(土)金属导致催化剂活性中心的失活现象是目前工业烟气SCR脱硝催化剂应用的一个瓶颈。基于此,开发有良好碱(土)金属耐受性的低温高效SCR催化剂是当务之急。本文整理和归纳了SCR催化剂碱(土)金属中毒机理,探讨了提高催化剂抗碱(土)金属中毒的改性方法及作用机制、中毒催化剂的再生方法及量子化学计算的应用,最后对SCR催化剂的未来研究发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method has attracted much attention in nitrogen oxide emission controlling technology because of excellent denitrification performance and stable application. The deactivation of catalyst active sites caused by alkali (earth) metals in flue gas is one of the bottlenecks which limits the industrial application of catalysts. In this paper, the mechanism of the poisoning effect of alkali (earth) metals on SCR catalysts was summarized in detail. The modification methods and mechanism of improving the catalyst resistance to alkali (earth) metal poisoning were discussed. The regeneration methods of poisoned catalyst and the application of quantum chemical calculation were explored. Finally, the future research direction of SCR catalysts was prospected, which is helpful to provide references for the development of efficient and stable SCR catalysts.
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Key words:
- SCR catalyst /
- resistance to alkali (earth) metal poisoning /
- regeneration /
- DFT
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