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对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens,PBs)是由对羟基苯甲酸和醇类发生酯化反应产生的一类物质,微溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂,为提高水溶性,可进一步与氢氧化物反应制成对羟基苯甲酸酯的盐类. PBs对抑制各种霉菌、酵母菌和细菌十分有效,具有无色、无味、用量小、成本低廉和安全性较好等特点,作为防腐剂使用已有超过50年的历史,被美国食品和药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)列为“公认为安全的”(generally recognized as safe,GRAS)化合物[1].
目前,包括我国在内的多个国家或地区均允许在食品、药品和个人护理品的生产中添加PBs,各领域使用较多的PBs主要包括对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(methyl paraben,MeP)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(ethyl paraben,EtP)、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯(propyl paraben,PrP)、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯(butyl paraben,BuP),以及它们的盐类. PBs作为防腐剂的安全性很高,毒理试验表明其半数致死量(median lethal dose,LD50)为5000—8000 mg·kg−1,其它常用防腐剂,如苯甲酸及其盐类的LD50为500—2000 mg·kg−1,山梨酸及其盐类的LD50为6—10 g·kg−1,苯氧乙醇的LD50为5000 mg·kg-1[2]. 同时,由于PBs具有酚羟基结构使其抗细菌性能较强,相同条件下其添加量更低,因而其使用相对更安全,风险更低[3]. 遗憾的是,虽然毒性试验显示PBs相对无刺激性且毒性较低,但随着人们对PBs认识的不断深入,该类物质被证明具有潜在的内分泌干扰作用[4],而PBs在多个领域的广泛应用,已使人们处于较为复杂的PBs暴露态势中. 识别PBs的暴露来源和途经,确定人体浓度分布特征及水平,对于阐明PBs的环境及健康风险至关重要. 本文重点梳理近十年发表的PBs环境污染及人体暴露类研究论文,为后续开展PBs人体暴露和健康风险评估研究提供基础数据和思路.
对羟基苯甲酸酯类防腐剂的环境和人体暴露研究进展
Research progress in the study of environmental and human exposure to paraben preservatives
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摘要: 对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens,PBs)作为一类防腐剂,因其具有独特的理化性质而被广泛应用于食品、药品和个人护理品中. 但随着科学技术的发展和研究的不断深入,PBs被证明在一定程度上具有与持久性有机污染物相类似的“持久性、生物富集性和生物毒性”,是潜在的内分泌干扰物. 近年来此类防腐剂已经在世界范围内的环境介质和人体样本中被广泛检出,且检出浓度呈逐年上升趋势,引发国内外高度关注. 本文分别从环境外暴露和人体内暴露两个方面,对国内外最新的PBs暴露相关研究成果进行归纳和总结,为开展PBs人体暴露和健康风险评估研究提供参考及思路.Abstract: Parabens (PBs) are widely used as preservatives in food, pharmaceuticals and personal care products because of their unique physicochemical properties. However, with the advancement of research and technology, PBs have been proved to be “persist, bioaccumulative and biotoxic”, which is similar to persistent organic pollutants (POPs), as well as been identified as potential endocrine disrupting chemicals. In recent years, PBs have been widely detected in environmental matrices and human samples worldwide. The detection of PBs has been increasing over the years, which has aroused great concern both domestically and internationally. This review therefore focuses on the latest global research findings in the assessment of human exposure to PBs, both externally and internally to provide ideas for further research on human exposure and health risk assessment of PBs.
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Key words:
- parabens /
- preservatives /
- environmental exposure /
- human exposure.
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表 1 国内外地表水体系中PBs的浓度水平分布
Table 1. Exposure levels of PBs in surface water in various regions
MeP EtP PrP BuP ∑PBs 年份
Year参考文献
Reference中国北京城市河流(n=350) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%0.81—920
6.45
100<LOD—294
0.54
74.4<LOD—565
0.77
70.8<LOD—41.5
<LOD
350.82—1654
9.44
1002016 [22] 中国湘江(n=86) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%1.4—3173.9
6.4
100<LOD—87.0
1.3
83.7<LOD—1040.4
1.8
97.7<LOD—9.5
<LOD
4.7— 2018 [23] 中国长江(n=120) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%0.23—42.1
2.86
100<LOD—5.66
0.22
95<LOD—18.8
0.99
97.5— — 2018 [24] 中国九龙江 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%1.41—68.8
100— 0.44—69.9
100— — 2015 [25] 中国黄河(n=74) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%1.92—32.6
5.7
1000.15—1.11
0.322
881.00—21.8
4.31
1000.04—0.99
0.143
1003.31—55.2
11.8
1002019 [27] 中国淮河(n=48) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%11.0—154
39.5
1000.23—0.69
0.333
902.66—12.7
6.69
100<LOD—0.64
0.04
6415.0—164
47.5
1002019 [26] 中国台湾垦丁(n=24) 浓度范围/(ng·L−1)
中位浓度/(ng·L−1)
检出率/%4.9—64.9
34.9
100<LOD—1.56
0.54
40<LOD—36.4
17.8
100<LOD—0.8
0.2
60— 2018 [27] — 文献中并未开展该目标物的研究. LOD, limit of detection 检出限. 表 2 国内外血液中PBs的浓度水平分布
Table 2. Exposure levels of PBs in blood samples in various countries
MeP EtP PrP BuP 年份
Year参考文献
Reference中国大学生(n=196) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—31.8
0.84
82<LOD—73.7
0.17
57<LOD—12.1
0.70
77<LOD—19.4
<LOD
412020 [59] 中国孕妇(n=162) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%0.13—14.8
3.08
88.30.02—9.23
0.33
68.5— 0.01—0.05
0.01
0.62019 [60] 西班牙女性月经血(n=57) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%0.2—45.54
1.41
98.20.2—16.0
0.40
59.60.2—16.0
0.63
59.60.2—16.0
0.40
59.62020 [61] 捷克男性(n=57) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—16.0
0.52
40<LOD—0.36
0.36
5<LOD—0.75
0.56
28<LOD
<LOD
02017 [62] 丹麦孕妇(n=502) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—420.5
0.85
69.9<LOD—15.1
<LOD
35.5<LOD—19.51
0.10
59.2<LOD—7.67
<LOD
20.52019 [63] 印度孕妇(n=53) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%0.89—55.24
20.92
100<LOD—11.24
1.97
201.08—63.58
19.22
880.47—10.22
1.11
232016 [64] 丹麦孕妇(n=75) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—1.08
0.38
47.7<LOD—0.24
0.10
46.6100% <LOD
<LOD
1.42021 [65] 中国孕妇(n=95) 血浆 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—10
0.21
59<LOD—6.5
<LOD
7<LOD—1.8
<LOD
46<LOD—0.47
<LOD
162020 [66] 脐带血清 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
中位浓度/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%<LOD—9.5
0.18
58<LOD—6.4
<LOD
12<LOD—2.6
<LOD
40<LOD—0.52
<LOD
122020 [66] 西班牙女性月经血(n=25) 浓度范围/(ng·mL−1)
检出率/%0.9—45.5
960.8—16.0
600.4—9.0
920.4—1.0
562016 [53] — 文献中并未开展该目标物的研究. LOD 方法检出限. -
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