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进入21世纪以来,全球经济呈现爆发式增长,GDP总量翻了接近3倍,尤其是发展中国家的进步尤为迅速,大量农村人口涌入大城市,城市化的快速发展必然导致生活垃圾的快速增加. 城市生活垃圾种类繁多,主要包括食物垃圾、纸张、塑料、木材、纺织品等[1]. 国家统计局在《中国统计年鉴2021》中记录:我国2020年的城市生活垃圾清运总量为23511.7万吨,无害化处理量23452.3万吨(如图1所示),生活垃圾无害化处理率达到99.7%,基本实现了闭环处置.
垃圾填埋和焚烧是世界上两种主要的垃圾处理方式[2]. 相比于焚烧技术,填埋法更为简单便捷,早年是主流的垃圾处置方式. 然而垃圾填埋需占用大量土地,在土地资源日益稀缺的今天,并不适合未来的可持续发展需求. 更为严重的问题是垃圾填埋后随着雨水的渗透和时间的推移,垃圾降解会产生大量的垃圾渗滤液,逐渐污染周围的土壤并随着地下水系统蔓延至江河湖海中. 因此,焚烧法近年来得到广泛应用,规模占比逐渐增长到垃圾无害化处理量的50%以上[3]. 生活垃圾经过焚烧处理后,体积、质量均可显著减少,有机物质完全焚烧产生的热量可用于供暖发电,真正实现废物的资源化利用,间接减少了碳排放[4]. 在发改委2014年发布的《国家重点推广的低碳技术目录(第一批)》中,垃圾焚烧也被作为低碳技术进行了广泛推广. 2020年国家发改委等多个部门联合发布了《城镇生活垃圾分类和处理设施补短板强弱项实施方案》,方案中提出要全面推进焚烧处理能力建设,鼓励发展以焚烧为主的垃圾处理方式,2023年在垃圾日产量超过300 t的地区基本实现原生垃圾“零填埋”.
城市垃圾焚烧主要有两种颗粒副产物,即焚烧炉底灰和垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称“飞灰”)[5]. 其中,焚烧炉底灰指的是垃圾经焚烧之后残留在炉床上的固体废物,而飞灰主要是在垃圾焚烧烟气净化系统中收集到的细颗粒粉末物质. 由于污染物浓度低,城市垃圾焚烧底灰被广泛用作建筑施工领域的二级原材料[6]. 然而飞灰因为其含有较高的有毒元素(铅、镉、汞、钼、镍、硒等)和其它污染物(二噁英、呋喃、硫酸盐和氯化物等),《国家危险废物名录》规定为危险废物,编号HW18. 飞灰的收集、储存、运输、安全处置会对环境和人类健康产生严重影响,因此必须谨慎处理.
目前飞灰的处置方式主要有两种:(1)稳定化/固化后填埋;(2)资源化利用生产建材[7]. 稳定化/固化法是将危险废物与黏结剂混合,通过物理和化学手段降低污染物的浸出性,然后将危险废物转化为符合填埋处理要求的一般废弃物[8]. 经过成型处理的飞灰混合物料具有低毒性、低溶解性、低迁移性,能在较为安全的条件下运输与处置[9]. 水泥由于价格低廉、固化效率高,被广泛用于危险材料的稳定化/固化和污染场地修复. 但水泥对重金属的固化效果并不稳定,且水泥固化会使飞灰显著增容,导致填埋量增加,因此药剂稳定化后填埋近年来成为主流[10]. 常用药剂分为无机和有机两种,此类技术工艺简单、固化效果好、投资费用低,且处理后飞灰基本不增容[11]. 然而,正如垃圾填埋的问题一样,飞灰填埋也开始面临土地资源紧缺的问题,并且飞灰属于危险废弃物,填埋的隐患更大,场地建设费用也远高于一般填埋场. 2020年8月中国发布了首个飞灰污染治理技术规范(HJ 1134—2020),文件中明确处置后的飞灰如果符合国家标准的具体要求,可被列为一般废物,甚至可作为资源进一步利用. 因此如何实现飞灰的绿色循环越来越受到重视,本文将综合阐述飞灰的各类资源化处理技术及相应资源化产品.
城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰资源化处置技术及产品概述
Overview of resources reuse technologies and corresponding products for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash
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摘要: 城市垃圾焚烧飞灰由于其聚集着大量的重金属、二噁英、可溶盐等有害成分,被定义为一种危险废物. 现有处置方法是对其进行安全化填埋或资源化利用,前者是目前的主流工艺. 然而,随着土地资源的日益紧缺和人们环保意识的提高,更符合可持续发展的飞灰资源化技术近年来得到了广泛的关注. 随着人们的持续开发与研究,已形成了多种各具特色的飞灰资源化技术,但总体而言,其仍多处于研究阶段,仅少数技术完成了工业化应用. 本文根据最新有关飞灰资源化处理的研究报道,结合相关的行业标准及技术规范,对飞灰资源化处理的技术路线、产品、原理以及其各自存在的优缺点等进行了综述及评述,以期为飞灰资源化处理技术的实际工业化应用提供理论依据和技术参考.Abstract: Municipal waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is defined as a kind of hazardous waste due to large amounts of leachable heavy metals, dioxins, soluble salts and other harmful components contained. The main disposal methods of MSWI fly ash are safe landfill and resource reuse, in which the former is currently the dominant process. However, with the increasing shortage of land resources and rising awareness of environmental protection, recycling technologies more in line with the sustainable development have attracted widespread attention in recent years. A variety of recycling technologies for MSWI fly ash have been thus developed and reported. However, most of these technologies are still in the laboratory stage, and only a few of them have achieved industrial applications. This paper mainly reviews the technical routes, products of MSWI fly ash resource recovery, operation principles and the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies on the basis of the latest reports, relevant industry standards and technical specifications. This work can serve as a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the practical industrial applications of the resource reuse technologies for MSWI fly ash.
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表 1 飞灰资源化处置技术规范
Table 1. Recycling technical standards of MSWI fly ash
标准号
Standard number名称
Title技术类型
TechniquesHJ 1134—2020 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰污染控制技术规范(试行) 全门类飞灰处置、资源化利用技术 GB 30485—2013 水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染控制标准 水泥窑协同处置技术 HJ 662—2013 水泥窑协同处置固体废物环境保护技术规范 水泥窑协同处置技术 GB/T 30760—2014 水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范 水泥窑协同处置技术 GB/T 41015—2021 固体废物玻璃化处理产物技术要求 高温熔融处置技术 DB32/T 3558—2019 生活垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融处理技术规范 高温熔融处置技术 DB12/T 779—2018 高温烧结处置生活垃圾焚烧飞灰制陶粒技术规范 高温烧结处置技术 T/ZGZS 0301—2020 表面处理污泥、生活垃圾焚烧飞灰烧结制备衍生轻集料 高温烧结处置技术 表 2 水泥熟料中重金属含量限值/可浸出质量浓度限值
Table 2. Limit/ Leachable mass concentration limit standards of heavy metals in cement clinker
As Pb Cd Cr Cu Ni Zn Mn 含量限值/(mg·kg−1) 40 100 1.5 150 100 100 500 600 可浸出质量浓度限值/(mg·kg−1) 0.10 0.30 0.03 0.20 1.00 0.20 1.00 1.00 表 3 各类飞灰资源化技术对比
Table 3. Comparison of resource recovery technologies for MSWI fly ash
工艺
Technique处置原理
Principle产品
Product产品价值/
(元·t−1)
Value of
product处置成本/
(元·t−1)
Cost of
disposal工业化应用
Industrial
application优点
Advantage缺点
Disadvantage混合燃烧制备水泥熟料 利用水泥窑的高温和碱性环境,降解水洗飞灰中的二噁英,同时将重金属固化在水泥熟料中 普通硅酸盐水泥 300—500 900—1500[10] 工业化 技术成熟,无需新增烧结设备,水泥需求大 全国水泥窑分布不均,飞灰的掺入对设备有一定的损伤. 低能耗水泥 200—800 800—1300[33] 理论阶段 烧制温度较低,能耗省 产品市场小,重金属有长期浸出风险. 高温烧结/熔融制备建材 利用1400 ℃以上的高温环境降解飞灰中的二噁英,同时将重金属固化在熔融玻璃体中 微晶玻璃 >800 2000—3000[10] 理论阶段 污染物控制效果稳定,产品附加值较高 设备投资较大,能耗高,烟气中夹带重金属,存在二次飞灰问题 泡沫微晶玻璃 >800 2500—3500[112] 理论阶段 污染物控制效果稳定,产品附加值高 设备投资大,工艺复杂,处置成本高,烟气中夹带重金属,存在二次飞灰问题 利用1000 ℃左右的高温环境降解飞灰中的二噁英,同时将重金属固化在烧结体中 轻骨料 300—800 1000—1500[112] 工业化 可协调处置污泥等废弃物,产品需求较大,已有工业化案例 重金属固化效果不如熔融技术,设备投资较大,能耗高,烟气中夹带重金属,存在二次飞灰问题. 陶瓷砖 >800 1000—1500[61] 理论阶段 烧制温度较低,能耗省,产品附加值较高 重金属固化效果难以稳定达到资源化产品的要求,烟气中夹带重金属,存在二次飞灰问题. 非高温重金属固化技术 利用水泥固化、药剂稳定化、沥青固化、碱激发固化、水热处理等非高温工艺实现飞灰中重金属稳定化/固化处置,一般需配套二噁英预处理设备 混凝土/免烧砖 200—400 800—1200[69] 试验阶段 处置成本不高,产品需求大 需配置二噁英、氯离子预处理设备,投资较大. 地聚合物 100—300 500—800[70] 理论阶段 处置成本不高,工艺较为简单 重金属固化条件不稳定,需配置二噁英、氯离子预处理设备,投资较大,产品需求小. 非高温重金属固化技术 利用水泥固化、药剂稳定化、沥青固化、碱激发固化、水热处理等非高温工艺实现飞灰中重金属稳定化/固化处置,一般需配套二噁英预处理设备 沸石材料 >800 1200—1500[112] 理论阶段 可同步实现二噁英及重金属的控制,工艺相对简单 反应条件苛刻,设备结构复杂,难以规模化生产,二噁英去除效率较低,废水需二次处理. 沥青胶浆 200—500 800—1200[84] 试验阶段 处置成本不高,产品需求大 需配置二噁英、氯离子预处理设备,投资较大. 可控低强度材料 <100 400—500[21] 理论阶段 工艺简单,处置成本低 污染物迁移风险大,政策并不鼓励. 土壤改良剂/污泥调节剂 <100 400—600[10] 理论阶段 工艺简单,处置成本低 污染物迁移风险大,政策并不鼓励. 资源化提取高价值金属 采用特定的工艺分离、提取飞灰中的重金属,残渣需二次处置 金属化合物 >800 1000—3000[111] 理论阶段 产品附加值高 资源提取后残渣的二次处置问题依然存在. -
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