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沉水植物不仅是水生态系统的主要生产者,也是水生态系统结构复杂性、空间异质性和功能稳定性的基础[1]。沉水植物可以吸收或降解水中污染物,吸附悬浮物和沉积物[2],因此,沉水植物恢复已被公认为是富营养化水体治理的有效途径[3]。
苦草作为沉水植物的典型代表,其生长生理状态决定了其净化水质效果及维持水质稳定性功能强弱,是我国南方水体常见沉水植物物种。因此,如何有效恢复污染水体或退化湖泊、水库的苦草,强化其水质净化效率成为水环境生态修复领域重点课题[4]。水体苦草恢复受到生物因素和非生物环境因素的影响,其中非生物环境因素有光照[5]、水温[6]、pH[7]、基质[8]和营养物质[9]。由于水体光照、水温、pH及水体营养物质组成人为调控难度大,而底泥基质调控相对容易,且工程推广应用可行性高,已成为强化水体苦草恢复及其净化能力的研究焦点[10]。GAO等[11]以具有吸附和缓释双重功能的颗粒活性炭负载纳米铁-氢氧化镁(AC-Fe-Mg)制备了一种控磷基质,黄菖蒲与AC-Fe-Mg联合作用对磷的去除率达到98.66%。宗小香等[12]以铁-碳电解质作为水生植物生长基质,研究了单种水生植物对污水中NH4+-N、COD、TP去除效果,其中,凤眼莲对氨态氮的去除率可达到100%。
生物炭是一种多孔碳材料,已广泛应用于去除污染物[13]、改善土壤质量[14]和固碳[15]。利用生物炭对土壤进行原位修复导致生态系统过程发生变化,如微生物群落[16],土壤氮循环[17],初级生产力[18]。生物炭的多功能特性为其用作沉水植物生长基质,强化沉水植物恢复及其净化能力提供了潜能。已有研究表明,在底泥基质中添加小颗粒生物炭能促进苦草种子萌发和幼苗生长,有助于降低水中氨氮浓度,但对磷的去除效果不佳[19]。
改性是一种有效强化生物炭固定水和土壤污染物的常用方法[20]。铁作为地壳中最广泛存在的金属元素[21],铁改性生物炭已广泛运用于水中污染物,尤其是氮、磷的吸附去除。若添加铁改性生物炭作为沉水植物生长基质,应能对水体水质净化产生显著效果,抑制水体富营养化进程;然而亦有少量学者指出,铁改性生物炭的使用不当可能不利于水生植物生长,过量施加可能影响植物酶活性,但此结论尚未得到证实,需要进一步探究[22-23]。因此,本研究以苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)作为沉水植物代表,利用苦草水质净化模拟系统,通过循环批次实验,考察了不同浓度铁改性生物炭对系统水质净化及苦草生理生长特性的影响,研究结果可为强化苦草水生态系统的净化功能提供技术支撑,对推动铁改性生物炭在污染水生态修复领域中的应用具有重要促进作用。
铁改性竹屑生物炭的添加对苦草 (Vallisneria spiralis)水质净化及其生理特性的影响
Effect of adding iron-modified bamboo biochar on water purification and physiological characteristics of Vallisneria spiralis
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摘要: 利用苦草水质净化模拟系统,通过循环批次实验考查在系统基质中添加3%的不同浓度FeCl3改性竹屑生物炭对系统水质净化效果和苦草生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,栽种苦草提高了系统净化NH4+-N、TN、TP、COD的效率。随着FeCl3浓度的升高,系统净化NH4+-N的效果增强,TN的效果影响不大,而COD、TP的效果降低。添加3%的0.10 mol·L−1和0.20 mol·L−1 FeCl3改性竹屑生物炭抑制苦草生长及其光合作用,导致苦草体内过氧化物酶 (POD) 活性增强及丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,诱导了细胞脂质过氧化;添加3%的0.05 mol·L−1 FeCl3改性竹屑生物炭,促进苦草根系生长,提升苦草根系活力。低浓度(0.05 mol·L−1)FeCl3改性竹屑生物炭在强化水质净化,促进苦草生长恢复具有一定的应用潜力。Abstract: In this study, a simulation system of water purification planted with Vallisneria spiralis was used to investigate the effect of adding 3% ration of bamboo biochar modified with different concentrations FeCl3 to the system as substrate on the water purification efficiency, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Vallisneria spiralis. The results showed that planting Vallisneria spiralis improved the purification effect of NH4+-N, TN, TP and COD in the system. With the increase of FeCl3 concentration, NH4+-N removal effect by the system increased, slight TN removal effect occurred, while the removal effects of COD and TP decreased. The addition of 3% ratio of bamboo biochar modified with 0.10 mol·L−1, 0.20 mol·L−1 FeCl3 could inhibit the growth and photosynthesis of Vallisneria spiralis, resulting in the increase of peroxidase (POD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in Vallisneria spiralis, and inducing cell lipid peroxidation. The addition of 3% biochar modified with 0.05 mol·L−1 FeCl3 could promote the roots growth of Vallisneria spiralis and enhance the root activity of Vallisneria spiralis. The addition of biochar modified with low concentration (0.05 mol·L−1) FeCl3 has a certain application potential in strengthening water purification and promoting the growth and recovery of Vallisneria spiralis.
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Key words:
- iron-modified biochar /
- Vallisneria spiralis /
- substrate /
- water purification
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