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偶氮染料是印染工业中最常用且应用范围最广的一类染料,是印染废水的主要组成部分[1]. 染料废水具有色度高、毒性大、可生化性差等特点,如果处理不当排放到环境中,将会对周围生态环境和人体造成严重危害[2]. 目前常用的处理方法包括生物法[3]、膜分离法[4]、吸附法[5]、高级氧化法[6]等. 膜分离法虽分离效果好、出水水质高但存在膜材料的成本高,容易被污染等问题;吸附法所用的吸附剂容易达到饱和且再生费用较高,限制了该方法在染料废水中的应用;此外,采用生物法处理前期投资大,处理周期长. 高级氧化(AOPs)工艺作为一种功能强大且具有良好的发展前景的技术,因其应用广泛、反应速度快、氧化能力强等优点备受关注[7]. 由于硫酸盐自由基具有强的氧化性,以及更广泛的pH适用性[8 − 9],近年来基于过硫酸盐(PS)的AOPs技术受到关注.
由于PS的稳定性,在不添加活化剂的情况下,PS很难与有机物发生反应. 目前对PS催化活化的手段包括紫外光活化[10]、过渡金属活化[11]以及碳材料活化[12]等. 紫外活化在实际应用中对污染物的去除率较低,过渡金属活化会引入金属离子,容易产生二次污染,因此碳材料催化活化技术开始受到广泛关注. 目前已经证实了包括氧化还原石墨烯、碳纳米管、纳米金刚石和生物炭等碳材料,可以用作过二硫酸盐(PDS)和过一硫酸盐(PMS)活化的催化剂,以增强污染物的降解[13 − 14]. 相比于碳纳米管、纳米金刚石等催化剂造价昂贵,以生物废弃物为原料制备的生物炭具有成本低,制作简单和良好的活化性能等优点,其催化应用潜力近年来备受关注[14].
研究已证实,以剩余活性污泥[15]、竹子[16]等废弃生物质制成的生物炭,具有良好的活化PDS的效果. 生物炭的制备主要采用热处理法,包括热解法和水热法,其中热解法需要对原料进行干化预处理,且热解温度高,材料制备能耗大[17],而原料无需干化的水热处理具有反应温度低、能耗低的特点,成为低成本制备生物炭的更优选择,此外,为提高生物炭的催化效能,常对生物炭进行改性处理,如杂原子掺杂[18]、表面含氧官能化[19]、单原子掺杂[20]等. 生物炭表面的含氧官能团决定了生物炭催化剂的性质,如羧基决定了生物炭的表面电荷[21],酚基决定了生物炭表面的氧化还原性质[22]. 其中简单的酸碱改性可实现生物炭表面含氧官能化,使表面含氧官能团发生改变,从而实现生物炭催化活化效能的提升[23]. 除了使用化学性碱如NaOH进行改性,壳聚糖作为目前自然界中唯一发现的带正电荷的天然碱性多糖[24],具有良好的降解性、生物相容性和生物药理学活性[25],因此可作为生物炭改性的碱性物质.
本研究以剩余活性污泥经水热法制备生物炭,经氢氧化钠(NaOH)碱改性、壳聚糖改性及联合改性后活化PDS,基于对RB5染料废水的降解效能确定最优改性方法. 考察水热处理条件、改性剂投加量、生物炭活化PDS反应条件、系统中的阴离子等对污染物降解效能的影响,并通过自由基淬灭和电子顺磁共振波谱仪(EPR)自由基捕获,探究参与污染物降解的主要活性物质,以确定反应机理.
壳聚糖改性污泥水热炭活化过硫酸盐降解活性黑5染料废水
Chitosan modified sludge hydrochar activated peroxydisulfate to degradate activated black 5 dyeing wastewater
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摘要: 印染废水可生化性低,生物处理难度大. 通过在剩余污泥中掺杂壳聚糖,经水热处理制备出壳聚糖改性生物炭(CBC),并用于活化过二硫酸盐(PDS),实现对活性黑5(RB5)染料废水的高效降解. 在水热温度为200 ℃,水热时间为6 h时制备的CBC对RB5的去除效果最优,反应60 min去除率可达到100 %. 此外,PDS投量为2 mmol·L−1,CBC投量为5 g·L−1,初始pH=5时反应效果最佳. 反应系统中的Cl−和
${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ 对RB5去除几乎无影响,而${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $ 、${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 有明显抑制作用. 机理研究证实了单线态氧(1O2)对RB5的降解起主要贡献,而不是PDS氧化体系常见的硫酸根自由基.Abstract: Printing and dyeing wastewater is difficult to treat biologically due to property of low biodegradability. By doping chitosan in the wasted sludge, modified biochar (CBC) was prepared by hydrothermal treatment and was used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) to achieve efficient degradation of activated black 5 (RB5) dyeing wastewater. The CBC prepared under the condition of hydrothermal temperature of 200 °C and hydrothermal time 6 h showed the best RB5 removal effect, achieving a removal rate of 100 % at 60 min. In addition, the best performance was obtained with a PDS dosage of 2 mmol·L−1, a CBC dosage of 5 g·L−1 and an initial pH of 5. The Cl− and${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $ in the reaction system had almost no effect on RB5 removal, while the${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $ and${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ exhibited a significant inhibitory impact. The mechanism study confirmed that the singlet oxygen (1O2) played a major contribution to the degradation of RB5 rather than sulfate radical, which is common in PDS oxidation systems.-
Key words:
- advanced oxidation /
- hydrochar /
- dye wastewater /
- singlet oxygen
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