钝化剂对土壤砷、铅、镉的人体生物有效性的影响研究
Effects of Immobilization Materials on Oral Bioavailability of Arsenic, Lead and Cadmium in Contaminated Soils
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摘要: 摄入污染土壤是人体砷、铅和镉暴露的重要途径，向土壤中施加钝化剂可降低重金属的人体生物有效性，进而对土壤重金属污染及其健康危害进行有效防控。然而，评估向土壤中直接施加钝化剂对砷、铅和镉人体生物有效性的调控效果的研究仍缺乏。本研究选取湖南中西部3个矿区土壤，将9种钝化剂以1%比例施入土壤，开展小鼠活体实验，以肝肾为生物终点，测定钝化1个月后土壤中砷、铅和镉的相对生物有效性（relative bioavailability，RBA）。株洲黑土、株洲黄土和水口黄土的pH分别为6.94、6.50和5.70。钝化前，株洲黑土中砷、铅和镉的RBA分别为（37.1±7.54）%、（49.0±4.10）%和（23.1±1.20）%，石灰可将铅RBA降低30.9%；株洲黄土中砷、铅和镉的RBA分别为（41.1±5.49）%、（46.5±11.6）%和（40.7±9.39）%，钙镁磷肥、磷灰石和石灰可将降砷RBA降低25.0%~30.7%；水口黄土中砷、铅和镉的RBA分别为（74.4±3.48）%、（70.4±2.92）%和（81.5±4.98）%，9种钝化剂均可将砷、铅和镉RBA降低11.4%~49.9%、12.0%~44.5%和7.06%~45.0%，其中木制生物炭和石灰效果显著。结果表明，相对于中性土壤，钝化剂在酸性土壤能发挥更好的效果；不同的钝化剂中，石灰的效果最好。本研究结果对原位利用钝化剂来控制土壤重金属人体健康危害具有重要指导意义。Abstract: Incidental ingestion of contaminated soils is an important pathway of human exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As). Application of immobilization materials to soil is effective in reducing the oral bioavailability of metals, thus can lower health risk associated with soil metal contamination. However, until now, limited studies assessed the effects of direct application of immobilizers to soil on the oral bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As. Here, 9 immobilizers were amended to 3 mining-impacted soils collected from central and western Hunan Province at a ratio of 1%. After immobilization for one month, soils were measured for relative bioavailability (RBA) of Pb, Cd, and As using an in vivo mouse bioassay with liver and kidney as the biological endpoint. The pH values of Zhuzhou black soil, Zhuzhou yellow soil, and Shuikou yellow soil were 6.94, 6.50, and 5.70, respectively. For Zhuzhou black soil, RBA of As, Pb, and Cd were (37.1±7.54)%, (49.0±4.10)%, and (23.1±1.20)%, respectively, and RBA of Pb was reduced by 30.9% with lime application. RBA of As, Pb, and Cd in Zhuzhou yellow soil was (41.1±5.49)%, (46.5±11.6)%, and (40.7±9.39)%, respectively, with calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, apatite, and lime significantly reducing As RBA by 25.0%~30.7%. RBA of As, Pb and Cd in Shuikou yellow soil were (74.4±3.48)%, (70.4±2.92)%, and (81.5±4.98)%, respectively, which were reduced by 11.4%~49.9%, 12.0%~44.5%, and 7.06%~45.0% with all 9 immobilization materials, while wood biochar and lime were most effective. The results suggest that direct application of immobilizers reduced bioavailability of metals more effectively in acidic soils compared with neutral soils, while lime might be the most effective amendment. The results provide insights into use of in-situ immobilization materials to control the health risk of heavy metal contaminated soils.
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Key words:
- heavy metal /
- soil /
- bioavailability /
- immobilization materials
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