生物炭对土壤重金属形态及生物有效性影响的研究进展

刘洁; 孙可; 韩兰芳

doi:10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2021011402

[1]

LEHMANN J, JOSEPH S. Biochar for environmental management: Science and technology[M]. London: Earthscan, 2009.

[2]

CHEN W, MENG J, HAN X, et al. Past, present, and future of biochar [J]. Biochar, 2019, 1(1): 75-87. doi: 10.1007/s42773-019-00008-3

[3]

MA Z, YANG Y, WU Y, et al. In-depth comparison of the physicochemical characteristics of bio-char derived from biomass pseudo components: Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin [J]. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2019, 140: 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.jaap.2019.03.015

[4]

方婧, 金亮, 程磊磊, 等. 环境中生物质炭稳定性研究进展 [J]. 土壤学报, 2019, .56(5): 1034-1047. doi: 10.11766/trxb201808220426 FANG J, JIN L, CHENG LL, et al. Advancement in research on stability of biochar in the environment [J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2019, .56(5): 1034-1047(in Chinese). doi: 10.11766/trxb201808220426

[5]

SINGH B P, COWIE A L, SMERNLK R J. Biochar Carbon Stability in a Clayey Soil As a Function of Feedstock and Pyrolysis Temperature [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(21): 11770-11778.

[6]

NGUYEN B T, LEHMANN J, KINYANGI J, et al. Long-term black carbon dynamics in cultivated soil [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2009, 92(1-2): 163-176. doi: 10.1007/s10533-008-9248-x

[7]

张莹, 吴萍, 孙庆业, 等. 长期施用生物炭对土壤中Cd吸附及生物有效性的影响 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(5): 1019-1025. doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0056 ZHANG Y, WU P, SUN Q Y, et al. Effect of long-term application of biochar on Cd adsorption and bioavailability in farmland soils [J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2020, 39(5): 1019-1025(in Chinese). doi: 10.11654/jaes.2020-0056

[8]

李晓娜, 宋洋, 贾明云, 等. 生物质炭对有机污染物的吸附及机理研究进展 [J]. 土壤学报, 2017, 54(6): 1313-1325. LI X N, SONG Y, JIA YM, et al. A review of researches on biochar adsorbing organic contaminantsand its mechanism [J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2017, 54(6): 1313-1325(in Chinese).

[9]

YOUNIS U, DANISH S, MALIK S A, et al. Role of cotton sticks biochar in immobilization of nickel under induced toxicity condition and growth indices of Trigonella corniculata L. [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27(2): 1752-1761. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06466-3

[10]

PENG Z, WEN J, LIU Y, et al. Heavy metal leachability in soil amended with zeolite- or biochar-modified contaminated sediment [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, 190(12): 751. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-7124-2

[11]

BOGUSZ A, OLESZCZUK P, DOBROWOLSKI R. Adsorption and desorption of heavy metals by the sewage sludge and biochar-amended soil [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2019, 41(4SI): 1663-1674.

[12]

BASHIR S, RIZWAN M S, SALAM A, et al. Cadmium Immobilization Potential of Rice Straw-Derived Biochar, Zeolite and Rock Phosphate: Extraction Techniques and Adsorption Mechanism [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018, 100(5): 727-732. doi: 10.1007/s00128-018-2310-z

[13]

JANUS A, WATERLOT C, HEYMANS S, et al. Do biochars influence the availability and human oral bioaccessibility of Cd, Pb, and Zn in a contaminated slightly alkaline soil? [J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2018, 190(4): 218. doi: 10.1007/s10661-018-6592-8

[14]

LIAN F, XING B. Black carbon (biochar) in water/soil environments: molecular structure, sorption, stability, and potential risk [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(23): 13517-13532.

[15]

HE L, ZHONG H, LIU G, et al. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils by biochar: Mechanisms, potential risks and applications in China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 252(A): 846-855.

[16]

DAI S, LI H, YANG Z, et al. Effects of biochar amendments on speciation and bioavailability of heavy metals in coal-mine-contaminated soil [J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 2018, 24(7): 1887-1900. doi: 10.1080/10807039.2018.1429250

[17]

ALBERT H A, LI X, JEYAKUMAR P, et al. Influence of biochar and soil properties on soil and plant tissue concentrations of Cd and Pb: A meta-analysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 755: 142582. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142582

[18]

CHEN D, LIU X, BIAN R, et al. Effects of biochar on availability and plant uptake of heavy metals – A meta-analysis [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 222: 76-85.

[19]

PENG X, DENG Y, PENG Y, et al. Effects of biochar addition on toxic element concentrations in plants: A meta-analysis [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 616-617: 970-977. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.222

[20]

TESSIER A, CAMPBELLl P G C, BISSON M. Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals [J]. Analytical Chemistry (Washington), 1979, 51(7): 844-851. doi: 10.1021/ac50043a017

[21]

ZHANG R, LI Z, LIU X, et al. Immobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in greenhouse soils amended with rice straw-derived biochar [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2017, 98: 183-188. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.10.057

[22]

RIZWAN M S, IMTIAZ M, HUANG G, et al. Immobilization of Pb and Cu in polluted soil by superphosphate, multi-walled carbon nanotube, rice straw and its derived biochar [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(15): 15532-15543. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6695-0

[23]

RAURET G, LOPEZ-SANCHEZ J F, SAHUQUILLO A, et al. Improvement of the BCR three step sequential extraction procedure prior to the certification of new sediment and soil reference materials [J]. J Environ Monit, 1999, 1(1): 57-61. doi: 10.1039/a807854h

[24]

BOGUSZ A, OLESZCZUK P. Effect of biochar addition to sewage sludge on cadmium, copper and lead speciation in sewage sludge-amended soil [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 239: 124719. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124719

[25]

MENG J, TAO M, WANG L, et al. Changes in heavy metal bioavailability and speciation from a Pb-Zn mining soil amended with biochars from co-pyrolysis of rice straw and swine manure [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 633: 300-307. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.199

[26]

SHEN Z, ZHANG Y, JIN F, et al. Qualitative and quantitative characterisation of adsorption mechanisms of lead on four biochars [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 609: 1401-1410. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.008

[27]

ZHU Q, WU J, WANG L, et al. Effect of biochar on heavy metal speciation of paddy soil [J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2015, 226(12): 429.

[28]

UCHIMIYA M, CHANG S, KLASSON K T. Screening biochars for heavy metal retention in soil: Role of oxygen functional groups [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 190(1-3): 432-441. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.063

[29]

BASHIR S, SHAABAN M, HUSSAIN Q, et al. Influence of organic and inorganic passivators on Cd and Pb stabilization and microbial biomass in a contaminated paddy soil [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2018, 18(9): 2948-2959. doi: 10.1007/s11368-018-1981-8

[30]

RIZWAN M S, IMTIAZ M, CHHAJRO M A, et al. Influence of pyrolytic and non-pyrolytic rice and castor straws on the immobilization of Pb and Cu in contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Technology, 2016, 37(21): 2679-2686. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1158870

[31]

MUJTABA MUNIR M A, LIU G, YOUSAF B, et al. Bamboo-biochar and hydrothermally treated-coal mediated geochemical speciation, transformation and uptake of Cd, Cr, and Pb in a polymetal(iod)s-contaminated mine soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 265: 114816. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114816

[32]

LEI S, SHI Y, QIU Y, et al. Performance and mechanisms of emerging animal-derived biochars for immobilization of heavy metals [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 646: 1281-1289. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.374

[33]

CHAO X, QIAN X., ZHU H H , et al Effect of biochar from peanut shell on speciation and availability of lead and zinc in an acidic paddy soil [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2018, 164: 554-561. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.057

[34]

XU C, CHEN H, XIANG Q, et al. Effect of peanut shell and wheat straw biochar on the availability of Cd and Pb in a soil–rice (Oryza sativa L.) system [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(2): 1147-1156. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-0495-z

[35]

YANG X, LU K, MCGROUTHER K, et al. Bioavailability of Cd and Zn in soils treated with biochars derived from tobacco stalk and dead pigs [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, 17(3): 751-762. doi: 10.1007/s11368-015-1326-9

[36]

QIAN T, WANG Y, FAN T, et al. A new insight into the immobilization mechanism of Zn on biochar: the role of anions dissolved from ash [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 33630.

[37]

PARK J H, CHOPPALA G K, BOLAN N S, et al. Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals [J]. Plant and Soil, 2011, 348(1-2): 439-451. doi: 10.1007/s11104-011-0948-y

[38]

XU C, ZHAO J, YANG W, et al. Evaluation of biochar pyrolyzed from kitchen waste, corn straw, and peanut hulls on immobilization of Pb and Cd in contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 261: 114133. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114133

[39]

WU J, HSU F C, CUNNINGHAM S D. Chelate-assisted Pb phytoextraction: Pb availability, uptake, and translocation constraints [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1999, 33(11): 1898-1904.

[40]

GONG X, HUANG D, LIU Y, et al. Nanoscale zerovalent iron, carbon nanotubes and biochar facilitated the phytoremediation of cadmium contaminated sediments by changing cadmium fractions, sediments properties and bacterial community structure [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021, 208: 111510. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111510

[41]

LU K, YANG X, SHEN J, et al. Effect of bamboo and rice straw biochars on the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn to Sedum plumbizincicola [J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2014, 191: 124-132.

[42]

AWAD M, MOUSTAFA-FARAG M, WEI L, et al. Effect of garden waste biochar on the bioavailability of heavy metals and growth of Brassica juncea (L.) in a multi-contaminated soil [J]. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2020, 13(12): 439. doi: 10.1007/s12517-020-05376-w

[43]

HAN L, ZHAO X, JIN J, et al. Using sequential extraction and DGT techniques to assess the efficacy of plant- and manure-derived hydrochar and pyrochar for alleviating the bioavailability of Cd in soils [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 678: 543-550. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.039

[44]

AHMAD M, RAJAPAKSHA A U, LIM J E, et al. Biochar as a sorbent for contaminant management in soil and water: A review [J]. Chemosphere, 2014, 99: 19-33. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.10.071

[45]

BEESLEY L, DICKINSON N. Carbon and trace element fluxes in the pore water of an urban soil following greenwaste compost, woody and biochar amendments, inoculated with the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43(1): 188-196. doi: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.035

[46]

HAN L, SUN K, YANG Y, et al. Biochar’s stability and effect on the content, composition and turnover of soil organic carbon [J]. Geoderma, 2020, 364: 114184. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114184

[47]

BURTON E D, PHILLIPS I R, HAWKER D W, et al. Copper behaviour in a podosol. 1. pH-dependent sorption - desorption, sorption isotherm analysis, and aqueous speciation modelling [J]. Soil Research, 2005, 43(4): 491. doi: 10.1071/SR04117

[48]

BOLAN N, KUNHIKRISHNAN A, THANGARAJAN R, et al. Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils – To mobilize or to immobilize? [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 266: 141-166. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.018

[49]

GUSIATIN Z M, KURKOWSKI R, BRYM S, et al. Properties of biochars from conventional and alternative feedstocks and their suitability for metal immobilization in industrial soil [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(21): 21249-21261. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-7335-4

[50]

CAO R X, MA L Q, CHEN M, et al. Phosphate-induced metal immobilization in a contaminated site [J]. Environmental pollution (1987), 2003, 122(1): 19-28. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00283-X

[51]

UCHIMIYA M, BANNON D I, WARTELLE L H, et al. Lead retention by broiler litter biochars in small arms range soil: Impact of pyrolysis temperature [J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2012, 60(20): 5035-5044. doi: 10.1021/jf300825n

[52]

ZHAO B, XU R, MA F, et al. Effects of biochars derived from chicken manure and rape straw on speciation and phytoavailability of Cd to maize in artificially contaminated loess soil [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 184: 569-574. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.020

[53]

HUA L, ZHANG H, WEI T, et al. Effect of biochar on fraction and species of antimony in contaminated soil [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2019, 19(6): 2836-2849. doi: 10.1007/s11368-019-02251-4

[54]

AHMAD M, LEE S S, LEE S E, et al. Biochar-induced changes in soil properties affected immobilization/mobilization of metals/metalloids in contaminated soils [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, 17(3): 717-730. doi: 10.1007/s11368-015-1339-4

[55]

BRADL H B. Adsorption of heavy metal ions on soils and soils constituents [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2004, 277(1): 1-18. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.04.005

[56]

LIU B, HUANG Q, SU Y, et al. Rice busk biochar treatment to cobalt-polluted fluvo-aquic soil: Speciation and enzyme activities [J]. Ecotoxicology, 2019, 28(10): 1220-1231. doi: 10.1007/s10646-019-02134-x

[57]

CUI H, OU Y, WANG L, et al. The passivation effect of heavy metals during biochar-amended composting: Emphasize on bacterial communities [J]. Waste Management, 2020, 118: 360-368. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.043

[58]

ISO17402.2008. Soil quality—requirements and guidance for the selection and application of methods for the assessment of bioavailability of contaminants in soil and soil materials. Geneva, Switzerland.

[59]

窦磊, 周永章, 高全洲, 等. 土壤环境中重金属生物有效性评价方法及其环境学意义 [J]. 土壤通报, 2007(3): 576-583. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2007.03.034 DOU L, ZHOU Y Z, GAO Q Z, et al. Methods and environmental implications of measuring bioavailability of heavy metals in soil environment [J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2007(3): 576-583(in Chinese). doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0564-3945.2007.03.034

[60]

MEIER S, CURAQUEO G, KHAN N, et al. Chicken-manure-derived biochar reduced bioavailability of copper in a contaminated soil [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2017, 17(3): 741-750. doi: 10.1007/s11368-015-1256-6

[61]

YANG X, LIU J, MCGROUTHER K, et al. Effect of biochar on the extractability of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn) and enzyme activity in soil [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(2): 974-984. doi: 10.1007/s11356-015-4233-0

[62]

ARABYARMOHAMMADI H, DARBAN A K, ABDOLLAHY M, et al. Simultaneous immobilization of heavy metals in soil environment by pulp and paper derived nanoporous biochars [J]. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2018, 16(2): 109-119. doi: 10.1007/s40201-018-0294-6

[63]

ZHAO M, DAI Y, ZHANG M, et al. Mechanisms of Pb and/or Zn adsorption by different biochars: Biochar characteristics, stability, and binding energies [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 717: 136894. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136894

[64]

ZHANG G, GUO X, ZHAO Z, et al. Effects of biochars on the availability of heavy metals to ryegrass in an alkaline contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 218: 513-522. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.031

[65]

TANG J, CAO C, GAO F, et al. Effects of biochar amendment on the availability of trace elements and the properties of dissolved organic matter in contaminated soils [J]. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 2019, 16: 100492.

[66]

PUGA A P, MELO L C A, de ABREU C A, et al. Leaching and fractionation of heavy metals in mining soils amended with biochar [J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 2016, 164: 25-33. doi: 10.1016/j.still.2016.01.008

[67]

QU C, CHEN W, HU X, et al. Heavy metal behaviour at mineral-organo interfaces: Mechanisms, modelling and influence factors [J]. Environment International, 2019, 131: 104995. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104995

[68]

DANG V M, JOSEPH S, Van H T, et al. Immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil after mining activity by using biochar and other industrial by-products: the significant role of minerals on the biochar surfaces [J]. Environmental Technology, 2019, 40(24): 3200-3215. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1468487

[69]

HE E, YANG Y, XU Z, et al. Two years of aging influences the distribution and lability of metal(loid)s in a contaminated soil amended with different biochars [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 673: 245-253. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.037

[70]

XU W, HOU S, LI Y, et al. Bioavailability and speciation of heavy metals in polluted Soil as alleviated by different types of biochars [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2020, 104(4): 484-488. doi: 10.1007/s00128-020-02804-1

[71]

KABIRI P, MOTAGHIAN H, HOSSEINPUR A. Effects of walnut leaves biochars on lead and zinc fractionation and phytotoxicity in a naturally calcareous highly contaminated soil [J]. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 2019, 230(11): 263.

[72]

MEIER S, MOORE F, GONZÁLEZ M, et al. Effects of three biochars on copper immobilization and soil microbial communities in a metal-contaminated soil using a metallophyte and two agricultural plants [J]. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2019: 1-16.

[73]

ALI A, SHAHEEN S M, GUO D, et al. Apricot shell- and apple tree-derived biochar affect the fractionation and bioavailability of Zn and Cd as well as the microbial activity in smelter contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 264: 114773. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114773

[74]

HUANG C, WANG W, YUE S, et al. Role of biochar and Eisenia fetida on metal bioavailability and biochar effects on earthworm fitness [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 263: 114586. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114586

[75]

CHEN X, HE H, CHEN G, et al. Effects of biochar and crop straws on the bioavailability of cadmium in contaminated soil [J]. Scientific Reports, 2020, 10(1): 9528. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65631-8

[76]

MUNIR M A M, LIU G, YOUSAF B, et al. Contrasting effects of biochar and hydrothermally treated coal gangue on leachability, bioavailability, speciation and accumulation of heavy metals by rapeseed in copper mine tailings [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020, 191: 110244. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110244

[77]

ZHENG R, CAI C, LIANG J, et al. The effects of biochars from rice residue on the formation of iron plaque and the accumulation of Cd, Zn, Pb, As in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings [J]. Chemosphere, 2012, 89(7): 856-862. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.008

[78]

BEESLEY L, MORENO-JIMÉNEZ E, GOMEZ-EYLES J L. Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2010, 158(6): 2282-2287. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.003

[79]

KARAMI N, CLEMENTE R, MORENO-JIMÉNEZ E, et al. Efficiency of green waste compost and biochar soil amendments for reducing lead and copper mobility and uptake to ryegrass [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 191(1-3): 41-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.04.025

[80]

BEESLEY L, MARMIROLI M, PAGANO L, et al. Biochar addition to an arsenic contaminated soil increases arsenic concentrations in the pore water but reduces uptake to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2013, 454-455: 598-603. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.047

[81]

WANG R, WEI S, JIA P, et al. Biochar significantly alters rhizobacterial communities and reduces Cd concentration in rice grains grown on Cd-contaminated soils [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 676: 627-638. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.133

[82]

谭凤娇. 生物炭及外生菌根真菌群落对森林土壤有机碳分解的作用[D]. 济南, 济南大学,2017. TAN F J. The effects of biochar and ectomycorrhizal fungi on the decomposition of forest soil organic carbon [D]. Jinan: University of Jinan, 2017 (in Chinese).

[83]

TANG Y, SHI L, ZHONG K, et al. Ectomycorrhizal fungi may not act as a barrier inhibiting host plant absorption of heavy metals [J]. Chemosphere (Oxford), 2019, 215: 115-123. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.143

[84]

TU C, WEI J, GUAN F, et al. Biochar and bacteria inoculated biochar enhanced Cd and Cu immobilization and enzymatic activity in a polluted soil [J]. Environment International, 2020, 137: 105576. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105576

[85]

KHAN M A, MAHMOOD-UR-RAHMAN, RAMZANI P M A, et al. Associative effects of lignin-derived biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi applied to soil polluted from Pb-acid batteries effluents on barley grain safety [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020, 710: 136294. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136294

[86]

QIAO Y, CROWLEY D, WANG K, et al. Effects of biochar and Arbuscular mycorrhizae on bioavailability of potentially toxic elements in an aged contaminated soil [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2015, 206: 636-643. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.029

[87]

LI H, LIU Y, CHEN Y, et al. Biochar amendment immobilizes lead in rice paddy soils and reduces its phytoavailability [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6(1): 31616. doi: 10.1038/srep31616

[88]

GJORGIEVA ACKOVA D. Heavy metals and their general toxicity for plants [J]. Plant Science Today, 2018, 5(1): 14-18. doi: 10.14719/pst.2018.5.1.355

[89]

DUBEY S, SHRI M, GUPTA A, et al. Toxicity and detoxification of heavy metals during plant growth and metabolism [J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2018, 16(4): 1169-1192. doi: 10.1007/s10311-018-0741-8

[90]

SHEN Z, CHEN Y, XU D, et al. Interactions between heavy metals and other mineral elements from soil to medicinal plant Fengdan (Paeonia ostii) in a copper mining area, China [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2020, 27(27): 33743-33752. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09358-z

[91]

ODINGA, E S, WAIGI, M G, GUDDA, F O, et al. Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars [J]. Environment International, 2020, 134: 105172. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105172

[92]

RUAN X, SUN Y, DU W, et al. Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: A review [J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 281: 457-468. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105

[93]

HERATH I, KUMARATHILAKA P, NAVARATNE A, et al. Immobilization and phytotoxicity reduction of heavy metals in serpentine soil using biochar [J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2015, 15(1): 126-138. doi: 10.1007/s11368-014-0967-4

[94]

MOHAMED I, ZHANG G, LI Z, et al. Ecological restoration of an acidic Cd contaminated soil using bamboo biochar application [J]. Ecological Engineering, 2015, 84: 67-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.07.009

[95]

SHEN X, HUANG D, REN X, et al. Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb in crop straw biochar-amended soil is related to the heavy metal content of both biochar and soil [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2016, 168: 245-251.