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目前,废水的脱氮除磷是解决环境水体富营养化问题的关键[1]。污水处理厂中氮元素的脱除主要是基于好氧硝化和缺氧反硝化的生物脱氮工艺。20世纪90年代,MULDER等[2]发现一种新型的厌氧氨氧化细菌,该菌在厌氧条件下以亚硝酸盐(
${\rm{NO}}_2^ - $ )为电子受体,将铵(${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ )氧化成气态氮(N2),并产生少量硝酸盐(${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ )[3],这一过程称为厌氧氨氧化过程(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,Anammox)。Anammox反应与传统脱氮工艺(硝化/反硝化)系统相比,具有氮去除率更高,生物反应器体积更小,温室气体排放更低,污泥产量更低(90%)等优点[4-7]。因此,该工艺被广泛应用于高氨氨废水处理[8]。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌用于处理低基质市政废水仍然比较困难[9]。此外,JIN等[6]发现,各种底物和化学物质会影响厌氧氨氧化过程,其中包括游离氨(free ammonia,FA)、游离亚硝酸(free nitrous acid,FNA)、有机物质、盐、重金属、磷酸盐和硫化物。反应器运行方式分为连续式与间歇式2种。已有研究[10]表明,运行方式影响倒置A2/O工艺启动性能,间歇换水培养方式缩短启动时间,使污泥更快成熟,在脱氮除磷方面先达到最佳去除速率。JI等[11]和LI等[12]在氮负荷分别为630、104.8 mg·(L·d)−1时采用连续式运行,厌氧氨氧化功能菌丰度分别达到34.6%、40.2%;而DU等[13]和LI等[14]采用间歇式运行,氮负荷分别在100、280 mg·(L·d)−1时,厌氧氨氧化功能菌丰度分别为2.37%、5.01%。通过对比分析发现,连续式运行的厌氧氨氧化菌的相对丰度往往高于间歇式运行;但对于改变运行方式对于厌氧氨氧化菌影响的研究目前鲜有报道,对于厌氧氨氧化过程脱氮性能和菌群结构的影响的研究也不多。
本研究以厌氧移动床生物膜反应器为研究对象,在(25±1) ℃恒温、低基质(TN≤60 mg·L−1)条件下,由连续式运行改为间歇式运行,探究其对Anammox系统脱氮性能的影响,同时应用高通量测序方法分析系统微生物群落结构的变化,为实际污水处理厂的转型提供参考。
运行方式对低基质厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮及菌群结构的影响
Effect of operation modes on the nitrogen removal efficiency and microbial community structure of anammox process treating low substrate wastewater
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摘要: 为了考察运行方式对厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮性能及菌群结构的影响,建立一套厌氧移动床生物膜反应器,在(25±1) ℃恒温、低基质(TN≤60 mg·L−1)条件下,分别以连续式和间歇式方式运行,采用高通量测序,基于直系同源蛋白簇基因(COGs),对16S rRNA扩增子测序结果进行功能预测,来表征微生物菌群结构和微生物功能的变化。结果表明:系统总氮负荷为(227±13) mg·(L·d)−1时,间歇式运行脱氮效率(90.6%)优于连续式运行效率(74.6%),生物膜厌氧氨氧化细菌的相对丰度高于悬浮污泥;反应器由连续式变为间歇式运行后,主要功能菌属Ca. Brocadia丰度降低,同时,具有部分反硝化作用的Pseudomonas菌丰度出现明显升高。进一步分析可知,在适量的有机物条件下,间歇式运行能够获得更好的厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同处理效果。本研究结果可为污水处理厂的实际运行提供参考。Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of operation modes on the nitrogen removal performance and microbial community structure of anaerobic ammonia oxidation system, an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor was established, which was operated in a continuous flow mode and a batch mode at constant temperature of (25±1) ℃ and low substrate of TN≤60 mg·L−1, respectively, used high-throughput sequencing, and based on cluster of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) gene, 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing results were functionally predicted to characterize microbial flora structure and microbial function changes. The results showed that the nitrogen removal efficiency for the batch mode was 90.6%, which was higher than 74.6% for the continuous operation mode at the total nitrogen load of 227±13 mg·(L·d)−1. And the relative abundance of anammox bacteria in biofilm was higher than that in the suspended sludge. When the continuous mode of the reactor changed to batch mode, the abundance of main functional genus Ca. Brocadia decreased, while the abundance of bacteria with partial denitrification function increased significantly. Through further analysis, the batch mode can obtain better synergistic treatment effect of anammox and denitrification than continuous mode with proper amount of organic matter. The study provides a reference for the actual operation of wastewater treatment plant.
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Key words:
- continuous operation /
- intermittent operation /
- low substrate /
- microbial community
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表 1 改变运行方式后DNA样品的微生物丰富度和多样性评估
Table 1. Evaluation of microbial richness and diversity of DNA samples after the change of operation mode
样品 OTU/个 ACE指数 Shannon指数 Simpson指数 悬浮污泥-I 768 1 185.51 2.94 0.13 悬浮污泥-I 586 649.83 2.74 0.19 生物膜-II 834 1 216.77 3.54 0.07 生物膜-II 582 770.32 3.65 0.05 -
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