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醋糟是食醋酿造过程的剩余固体副产物[1],其主要成分为稻壳、麸皮等[2]。我国是食醋生产大国,每年醋糟的产生量约为3.2×106 t以上[3-4]。由于醋糟具有含水率高、酸度大、难降解的特性[5],将其随意处置不仅会造成资源浪费,更易造成水土酸化等环境污染[6]。木质素是一种具有高价值的天然有机高分子化合物[7],是醋糟的重要组成部分,在其干重中占比约15%[8]。因此,将醋糟作为制备木质素的原料是一种潜在的醋糟资源化途径。然而,由于醋糟中木质纤维素结构的复杂性及稳定性导致木质素分离提纯困难,无法实现其高值化应用[9]。
目前,应用于生产的木质素分离纯化方法大多采用化学法。例如,LUCA等[10]用酸预处理和碱提取相结合的方法提纯小麦秸秆中的木质素,木质素的回收率为42%,纯度为99%。虽然化学法分离纯化木质素的效率高,然而其普遍存在成本高、二次污染隐患大且易造成木质素材料性能弱化等弊端。相比之下,生物法分离纯化木质素具备成本低、反应条件温和且无二次污染等潜在优势[11]。而且醋糟的结构松散、孔隙率大,便于微生物的附着生长与繁殖,更适合生物法纯化。据报道,好氧真菌中的白腐菌和褐腐菌分泌的木质纤维素酶系较全且酶活性较高,具备高效破坏木质纤维素结构的能力[12]。例如,LI等[13]用混合微生物对玉米秸秆发酵后发现,玉米秸秆中木质纤维素结构被大面积破坏,从而提高了酶水解的效率,纤维素、半纤维素降解率分别为34.9%和44.4%。此外,有研究发现,经定向驯化后的厌氧消化微生物体系具备高效降解纤维素和半纤维素等多糖的能力。例如,ZHOU等[14]构建了醋糟高效厌氧消化体系,反应器在5.83 g·(L·d)−1的负荷下(以VS计)运行60 d后,体系中超过40%的纤维素和90%的半纤维素被降解。
真菌发酵虽然能够有效破坏木质纤维素结构,然而其对纤维素、半纤维素等多糖的降解效率并不高;厌氧消化微生物体系虽然能高效降解多糖,然而由于厌氧微生物降解木质素能力的缺失[15],其对木质纤维素结构的破坏作用也较小。因此,现有具备木质素分离纯化潜力的生物方法普遍存在功能单一等问题,在木质纤维素结构破坏或多糖降解方面存在缺陷,无法达到高效纯化效果。本研究将醋糟作为纯化木质素的原料,提出真菌发酵联合厌氧消化的组合微生物处理的木质素生物纯化新策略,通过分析醋糟的降解情况和木质纤维素相关官能团的变化,考察该策略分离纯化木质素的效果;结合水解酶活性和碳水化合物活性酶基因的分析,深入探究木质素生物分离纯化的机制,以期为醋糟的资源化应用提供新的参考。
利用醋糟生物纯化木质素新策略的效能评估
Effectiveness assessment of a new strategy for the biopurification of lignin from vinegar residues
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摘要: 木质素是醋糟的重要组成部分,是自然界中可直接提供芳香环结构物质的可再生资源,具有广泛的用途。然而,醋糟中木质纤维素结构稳定且难以破坏,限制了木质素的生物分离纯化效率,进而影响了醋糟的资源化利用。针对此问题,设计了一种新的木质素生物分离纯化策略,将混合真菌发酵与厌氧消化处理相结合,借助不同功能微生物的协同作用,在有效破坏木质纤维素结构的同时充分降解多糖。结果表明,经过处理后,醋糟中纤维素和半纤维素的降解率达到了87.65%和96.34%;木质素的纯度达到了62.32%,回收率为76.01%。醋糟中木质纤维素结构被破坏,从而导致体系中水解酶活性的提高。包含GH43、CE1、GH13等碳水化合物活性酶基因的微生物的大量富集是该方法实现木质素高效纯化的根本原因。本研究结果可为醋糟的资源化利用提供参考。
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关键词:
- 醋糟资源化 /
- 木质素 /
- 生物纯化 /
- 水解酶 /
- 碳水化合物活性酶基因
Abstract: As an important component of vinegar residues, lignin is a renewable resource for providing aromatic substances in nature, and it can be widely used. However, the lignocellulosic structure of vinegar residues is very stable and the difficulty in destroying this structure leads to the low efficiency for lignin separation and purification with biological methods, and further affects the utilization of vinegar residues. For solving this problem, a novel strategy for lignin separation and purification was proposed. Based on the combination of mixed fungal fermentation and anaerobic digestion treatment process, the efficient purification of lignin can be attained through the synergistic effect of effective destruction of lignocellulosic structure and degradation of polysaccharides by microorganisms with different functions. After treatment, the degradation rate of cellulose and hemicellulose in vinegar residues reached 87.65% and 96.34%, the purity of lignin was 62.32% and the recovery rate was 76.01%. The increase of hydrolase activity and the enrichment of microorganisms containing carbohydrate-active enzyme (GH43, CE1 and GH13) genes in the treatment system after destruction of lignocellulosic structure of vinegar residues were the fundamental reason for the efficient purification of lignin by this strategy. The results showed the great potential of this strategy for the efficient separation and purification of lignin from vinegar residues, which can provide a reference for the resource utilization of vinegar residues. -
表 1 厌氧消化处理过程的运行参数
Table 1. Operating parameters of anaerobic digestion treatment process
实验组 物料 进料量/(g·d−1) 物料负荷(以VS计)/(g·(L·d)−1) 物料停留时间/d 运行时间/d AD 醋糟 600 7.137 6 42 50 FF+AD 真菌发酵后的醋糟 1 113 7.137 6 23 30 表 2 不同策略处理后底物成分对照
Table 2. Comparison of substrate components treated by different strategies
% 实验组 粗蛋白 木质素 纤维素 半纤维素 其他 对照组 10.80±0.53 14.97±0.12 32.54±0.84 22.48±0.34 19.21±0.11 FF组 9.45±0.10 19.41±0.11 28.50±0.46 11.33±0.14 31.31±0.24 AD组 7.62±0.08 23.84±0.23 35.53±0.33 12.84±0.11 20.17±0.14 FF+AD组 4.81±0.05 61.56±0.41 21.74±0.19 4.45±0.08 7.44±0.03 注:数值为基于干重下质量分数的平均值±标准方差。 -
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