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随着合成化学工业的发展,水体中检出的各类微量有机污染物也日渐增多,包括不同种类的农药、内分泌干扰物、药物和个人护理品等。传统的饮用水和污水处理工艺通常无法有效去除这些微量污染物。基于紫外(UV)的高级氧化技术(UV/H2O2)是去除微量有机污染物的有效方法[1-2],目前在国内饮用水厂和污水处理厂已有一定的应用。然而,常规UV光源(254 nm)下的高级氧化工艺依赖于化学氧化剂的投加来产生HO·等活性物种,这涉及到氧化剂的储存、运输以及残余药剂的去除等问题,增加了操作的复杂性和处理成本。真空紫外线(VUV)技术是近年来的一个研究热点。与常规UV高级氧化工艺相比,VUV/UV高级氧化的优点在于不需要化学氧化剂,水分子在VUV辐照下的光解就可以产生高浓度的HO·,是一种很有前景的绿色高级氧化技术。另一方面,由于VUV能量高,仅5 mm的水层即可使VUV辐射强度衰减约90%,因此产生的HO·也主要集中在灯管附近很薄的水层内。此时,HO·的利用率及相关影响因素决定了VUV/UV高级氧化技术的实际效率。在已有研究中,大量基于VUV/UV工艺的研究均是在序批式反应器内进行的,其中自由基可与目标污染物及背景物质充分接触反应。然而,实际应用中的VUV/UV反应器通常为过流式,这可能导致HO·在整个反应器内分布不均匀,表现出与序批式反应器不同的效果[3]。目前,在过流式条件下水中常见的背景物质对VUV/UV工艺降解微量污染物的影响研究还较少。此外,不同于常规高级氧化工艺,VUV光解水产生HO·的过程受到可吸收185 nm辐射的无机离子的显著影响,但对该蔽光效应的量化分析还比较缺乏。基于此,本研究探究了过流式VUV/UV反应器中氯离子(Cl–)、碳酸氢根离子(HCO3–)、硝酸盐(NO3–)和溶解性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)对典型微量污染物阿特拉津(atrazine)降解的影响,并计算不同水质条件下VUV/UV工艺降解目标污染物所需的单位能耗。本研究可为VUV/UV技术在实际条件下的推广应用提供参考。
背景水质对过流式VUV/UV反应器降解水中阿特拉津的影响
Effect of water matrices on atrazine degradation in a flow-through VUV/UV reactor
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摘要: 为探究连续流进水模式下水中复杂的背景物质对真空紫外/紫外 (VUV/UV) 高级氧化工艺效率的影响,采用过流式VUV/UV反应器,考察了水中不同浓度的氯离子 (Cl–) 、碱度 (HCO3–) 、硝酸盐 (NO3–) 和溶解性有机物 (DOM) 对微量污染物阿特拉津 (ATZ) 降解的影响。结果表明,上述背景组分对ATZ的VUV/UV降解均表现出一定的抑制作用,辐照时间为30 s时,ATZ去除率从空白组中的57%分别最多下降至33%、29%、40%和35%,且过流式条件下的抑制程度与文献中序批式反应器中的略有不同。污染物去除率下降的原因在于,一方面,三种无机阴离子都对VUV辐射有一定的蔽光效应,NO3–强于Cl–强于HCO3–;另一方面,VUV辐照下Cl–产生的Cl·和Cl2•–、NO3–产生的NO2·和HO·都能补充水中氧化性自由基浓度,使得VUV贡献的ATZ降解速率常数的抑制程度低于VUV光子被阴离子竞争吸收的比例,但HCO3–对HO·较强的清除作用则导致了ATZ的降解速率常数的快速下降。低浓度DOM在VUV/UV辐照下可能产生的活性物种抵消了其对VUV/UV辐射的蔽光效应,但高浓度DOM对HO·的清除作用仍使其对ATZ降解产生了显著的抑制。在所有考察的水质条件下,ATZ降解所需的单位能耗EEO介于0.61~1.56 kWh·m-3。Abstract: In order to explore the impact of complex water matrices on VUV/UV advanced oxidation efficiency under continuous flow mode, the degradation of atrazine (ATZ) in water with additional chloride (Cl–), bicarbonate (HCO3–), nitrate (NO3–) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) at different concentrations were investigated in a flow-through VUV/UV reactor. The results showed that all these water constituents had some inhibition effects on ATZ degradation. The ATZ removal decreased from 57% in deionized water to 33%, 29%, 40% and 35% under the largest investigated matrix concentrations at an irradiation time of 30 s. These inhibition extents were somewhat different from those reported in batch reactors in literatures. The reduction of ATZ removal could be ascribed to following reasons. On the one hand, all the three anions have a certain shielding effect on VUV irradiation, following the order: NO3– > Cl– > HCO3–. On the other hand, reactive species under VUV irradiation, such as Cl· and Cl2•– produced from chloride, NO2· and HO· formed by nitrate, could supplement the concentration of oxidative radicals in water and contribute to ATZ degradation, which resulted in a lower reduction of ATZ degradation contributed by VUV than the proportion of VUV photons absorbed by the anions. In contrast, the strong scavenging of HO· by HCO3– led to a significant reduction of ATZ degradation. The reactive species generated from DOM at low contents could counteract the shielding effect, while DOM at high concentration still had a prominent inhibition on ATZ degradation due to its remarkable scavenging of HO·. The specific energy consumption under the investigated water matrices ranged between 0.61~1.56 kWh·m−3.
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表 1 过流式VUV/UV反应器中ATZ在不同水质条件下降解的能耗EEO
Table 1. The energy consumption of ATZ degradation under different matrices in the flow-through VUV/UV reactor
背景物质 浓度 kapp/s-1 EEO/(kWh·m-3) Cl– 1.0 mmol·L-1 0.021 5 0.83 2.5 mmol·L-1 0.017 7 1.01 5.0 mmol·L-1 0.015 0 1.19 HCO3– 1.0 mmol·L-1 >0.024 0 0.75 2.5 mmol·L-1 0.014 8 1.21 5.0 mmol·L-1 0.011 5 1.56 NO3– 10.0 mg·L-1 0.021 1 0.85 20.0 mg·L-1 0.019 0 0.94 DOM 1.0 mg·L-1 0.027 6 0.65 5.0 mg·L-1 0.018 7 0.96 10.0 mg·L-1 0.014 8 1.21 -
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