-
高级氧化工艺(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)通过产生强氧化性的羟基自由基(·OH)、活性氯自由基(RCS,包括Cl·、ClO·等)和超氧自由基(O2·-)等可对水体中药物与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)类污染物进行有效去除[1]。
基于NaClO的AOPs已被广泛地研究并应用于实践[2]。紫外/次氯酸钠(UV/NaClO)工艺对污染物有高效的去除能力,同时在中性、酸性条件下对污染物的降解效果高于其他AOPs[3]。然而,有研究表明,基于NaClO的AOPs由于氯的引入可能产生多种具有“三致”作用的消毒副产物(disinfection by-products, DBPs),如何确保高效去除污染物同时降低DBPs的生成成为了当前UV/NaClO工艺的研究热点[4]。近年来,过碳酸钠(SPC)因相较于液态H2O2具有便于运输、价格便宜的优点已被应用于水处理中[5]。基于紫外的紫外/过碳酸钠(UV/SPC)工艺能产生·OH、O2·-和碳酸根自由基(CO3·-),可有效去除污染物[6-7]。
目前关于传统的UV/NaClO和新兴的UV/SPC工艺单独降解PPCPs的研究有许多报道[3,6],但对2种工艺降解PPCPs的对比研究报道较少,降解过程中2种工艺的效能差异需要进一步研究。水杨酸(salicylic acid, SA)是一种典型的PPCP,一项针对广州地表及地下水的PPCPs调查表明SA存在于所有调查水样中,其质量浓度最高达到2 014.4 μg·L−1[8]。本文以SA为目标物,对比考察了UV/NaClO和UV/SPC 2种工艺对SA的去除,引入协同因子(R),考察了氧化剂投加量、pH、阴离子(NO3−、HCO3−)和腐殖酸(HA)等因素对SA去除的影响,通过分析SA的密度泛函理论(DFT)且结合LC-MS与GC-MS的鉴定产物,进一步分析可能的降解路径,采用ECOSAR程序对产物进行了毒性模拟,以期为去除水中PPCPs的不同工艺选择提供参考。
紫外/次氯酸钠和紫外/过碳酸钠工艺降解水杨酸的影响因素及降解机理
Ultraviolet/sodium hypochlorite and ultraviolet/sodium percarbonate processes for degradation of salicylic acid: Influencing factors and mechanism
-
摘要: 采用紫外/次氯酸钠(UV/NaClO)和紫外/过碳酸钠(UV/SPC)工艺降解水中水杨酸(SA),且利用协同因子(R)作为评价指标,分别考察了氧化剂投加量、pH、阴离子(NO3-、HCO3−)和腐殖酸(HA)等因素对SA去除的影响,结合TOC对比了2种工艺对SA的去除效果,通过鉴定中间降解产物探讨了SA可能的降解路径。结果表明:UV/NaClO和UV/SPC工艺中SA的去除均符合拟一级反应动力学,R与拟一级反应动力学常数(kobs)变化趋势相似。当NaClO和SPC质量浓度分别为 3 mg·L−1和12 mg·L−1时,2种工艺中kobs分别为0.173 2 min−1和0.258 8 min−1,而 RUV/NaClO和RUV/SPC分别为9.5和15.9。kobs和R随氧化剂投加量的增加而升高,因过量的SPC消耗产生的羟基自由基(·OH)会导致kobs降低。初始pH对SA去除有较大影响,酸性环境有利于UV/NaClO工艺去除SA,而UV/SPC工艺则在pH=7具有较好的SA去除效果。NO3−与HCO3−对UV/NaClO工艺去除SA有轻微的促进作用,而显著抑制UV/SPC工艺对SA的去除。HA对2种工艺中SA的去除均有抑制作用。相比UV/NaClO,UV/SPC工艺对TOC去除更为显著。通过分析SA的密度泛函理论(DFT)并结合主要的降解产物推测SA的降解机理主要为自由基的取代和氧化。Abstract: The UV/NaClO and UV/SPC processes were used to degrade salicylic acid (SA) in water. Based on the synergy factor (R) as the evaluation index, the effects of oxidant dosage, pH, anions (NO3−, HCO3−) and humic acid (HA) on SA removal were investigated. Combined with TOC, the SA removal during UV/NaClO process and UV/SPC process was compared, the degradation path of SA and the possible intermediate products were also discussed. The results showed that SA removal in UV/NaClO and UV/SPC processes fitted well with the pseudo- first-order reaction kinetics model, and R and pseudo-first-order reaction kinetical constant (kobs) presented the similar variation trend. When the concentrations of NaClO and SPC were 3 mg·L−1 and 12 mg·L−1, respectively, the kobs values of the two processes were 0.1732 min−1 and 0.2588 min−1, respectively, the RUV/NaClO and RUV/SPC were 9.5 and 15.9, respectively. kobs and R increased with the increase of oxidant dosage, but the excessive SPC would consume the generated hydroxyl radicals (·OH), resulting in the decrease of kobs. The initial pH had a distinctly influence on both processes, the UV/NaClO process was more effective in an acidic environment than in an alkaline one, and the UV/SPC process demonstrated an excellent removal performance in a neutral environment (pH=7). NO3− and HCO3− could slightly promote SA degradation by the UV/NaClO process, but significantly inhibit SA degradation by the UV/SPC process. HA inhibited SA removal by both processes. UV/SPC process was superior to UV/NaClO process in TOC removal. Based on the density functional theory (DFT) analysis of SA and the main intermediate products, the main mechanism of SA degradation was the substitution and oxidation of radicals.
-
表 1 SA的自然布局分析(NPA)电荷分布和福井指数
Table 1. Natural population analysis (NPA) charge distribution and Fukui index of SA
原子 q(N) q(N+1) q(N−1) f− f+ f0 1(C) 0.203 8 0.108 0 0.222 4 0.018 6 0.095 8 0.057 2 2(C) −0.03 3 −0.100 8 0.042 1 0.075 1 0.067 8 0.071 4 3(C) 0.090 6 0.039 0 0.178 9 0.088 4 0.051 6 0.070 0 4(O) −0.175 3 −0.216 1 −0.040 0 0.135 3 0.040 8 0.088 0 5(C) −0.069 5 −0.137 9 0.009 5 0.079 1 0.068 4 0.073 7 6(C) −0.026 2 −0.143 5 0.037 4 0.063 6 0.117 2 0.090 4 7(C) −0.052 3 −0.105 9 0.083 9 0.136 2 0.053 6 0.094 9 8(C) −0.021 4 −0.101 2 0.036 1 0.057 5 0.079 9 0.068 7 9(O) −0.291 9 −0.405 3 −0.220 4 0.071 5 0.113 4 0.092 5 10(H) 0.180 7 0.150 9 0.228 3 0.047 5 0.029 9 0.038 7 11(H) 0.040 7 −0.002 5 0.084 5 0.043 8 0.043 3 0.043 5 12(H) 0.048 6 −0.008 4 0.091 9 0.043 2 0.057 0 0.050 1 13(H) 0.045 7 0.005 2 0.100 2 0.054 5 0.040 5 0.047 5 14(H) 0.049 5 0.009 9 0.086 4 0.036 9 0.039 5 0.038 2 15(O) −0.173 5 −0.233 8 −0.152 9 0.020 6 0.060 2 0.040 4 16(H) 0.183 6 0.142 3 0.211 7 0.028 2 0.041 2 0.034 7 -
[1] MA D, YI H, LAI C, et al. Critical review of advanced oxidation processes in organic wastewater treatment[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 275: 130104. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130104 [2] LI S, AO X, LI C, et al. Insight into PPCP degradation by UV/NH2Cl and comparison with UV/NaClO: Kinetics, reaction mechanism, and DBP formation[J]. Water Research, 2020, 182: 115967. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115967 [3] ZHAO X, JIANG J, PANG S, et al. Degradation of iopamidol by three UV-based oxidation processes: Kinetics, pathways, and formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts[J]. Chemosphere, 2019, 221: 270-277. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.162 [4] TIAN F X, YE W K, XU B, et al. Comparison of UV-induced AOPs (UV/Cl2, UV/NH2Cl, UV/ClO2 and UV/H2O2 ) in the degradation of iopamidol: Kinetics, energy requirements and DBPs-related toxicity in sequential disinfection processes[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 398: 125570. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125570 [5] YAN P, SUI Q, LYU S, et al. Elucidation of the oxidation mechanisms and pathways of sulfamethoxazole degradation under Fe(II) activated percarbonate treatment[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 640-641: 973-980. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.315 [6] YUE L, CHENG J, HUA J, et al. A sodium percarbonate/ultraviolet system generated free radicals for degrading capsaicin to alleviate inhibition of methane production during anaerobic digestion of lipids and food waste[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 761: 143269. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143269 [7] GUO H, LI D, LI Z, et al. Promoted elimination of antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in water using sodium percarbonate activated by ozone: Mechanism, degradation pathway and toxicity assessment[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2021, 266: 118543. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118543 [8] PENG X, OU W, WANG C, et al. Occurrence and ecological potential of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in groundwater and reservoirs in the vicinity of municipal landfills in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 490: 889-898. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.068 [9] YANG L, ZhANG Z. Degradation of six typical pesticides in water by VUV/UV/chlorine process: Evaluation of the synergistic effect[J]. Water Res, 2019, 161: 439-447. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.06.021 [10] DENG J, WU G, YUAN S, et al. Ciprofloxacin degradation in UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process: Influencing factors, mechanisms and degradation pathways[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2019, 371: 151-158. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.10.043 [11] ESLAMI A, MEHDIPOUR F, LIN K-Y A, et al. Sono-photo activation of percarbonate for the degradation of organic dye: The effect of water matrix and identification of by-products[J]. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2020, 33: 100998. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100998 [12] GOMES J, COSTA R, QUINTA-FERREIRA R M, et al. Application of ozonation for pharmaceuticals and personal care products removal from water[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 586: 265-283. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.216 [13] CHEN J, QU R, PAN X, et al. Oxidative degradation of triclosan by potassium permanganate: Kinetics, degradation products, reaction mechanism, and toxicity evaluation[J]. Water Research, 2016, 103: 215-223. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.041 [14] FENG Y, Smith D W, Bolton J R. Photolysis of aqueous free chlorine species (HOCl and OCl) with 254 nm ultraviolet light[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science, 2007, 6(3): 277-284. doi: 10.1139/s06-052 [15] CAO F, ZHANG M, Yuan S, et al. Transformation of acetaminophen during water chlorination treatment: kinetics and transformation products identification[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2016, 23(12): 12303-12311. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6341-x [16] ZHANG Y, ZHANG J, XIAO Y, et al. Kinetic and mechanistic investigation of azathioprine degradation in water by UV, UV/H2O2 and UV/persulfate[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 302: 526-534. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.05.085 [17] PANDA D, Manickam S. Recent advancements in the sonophotocatalysis (SPC) and doped-sonophotocatalysis (DSPC) for the treatment of recalcitrant hazardous organic water pollutants[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2017, 36: 481-496. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.12.022 [18] HAPESHI E, FOTIOU I, FATTA-KASSINOS D. Sonophotocatalytic treatment of ofloxacin in secondary treated effluent and elucidation of its transformation products[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 224: 96-105. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.048 [19] GRAUMANS M H F, HOEBEN W, Van DAEL M F P, et al. Thermal plasma activation and UV/H2O2 oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical residues[J]. Environmental Research, 2021, 195: 110884. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110884 [20] LI L, GUO R, ZHANG S, et al. Sustainable and effective degradation of aniline by sodium percarbonate activated with UV in aqueous solution: Kinetics, mechanism and identification of reactive species[J]. Environmental Research, 2021: 112176. [21] WOJNAROVITS L, TOTH T, TAKACS E. Rate constants of carbonate radical anion reactions with molecules of environmental interest in aqueous solution: A review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 717: 137219. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137219 [22] ZHU S, TIAN Z, WANG P, et al. The role of carbonate radicals on the kinetics, radical chemistry, and energy requirement of UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 278: 130499. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130499 [23] LI Q, LAI C, YU J, et al. Degradation of diclofenac sodium by the UV/chlorine process: Reaction mechanism, influencing factors and toxicity evaluation[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A:Chemistry, 2022, 425: 113667. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113667 [24] GANIYU S O, ARSLAN M, GAMAL EL-DIN M. Combined solar activated sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) and biofiltration for the remediation of dissolved organics in oil sands produced water[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 433: 134579. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.134579 [25] PATIL P B, RAUT-JADHAV S. Intensification of degradation of acetamiprid by the combination of ultrasonic cavitation with other advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)[J]. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 2022: 100353. [26] KILIC M Y, ABDELRAHEEM W H, He X, et al. Photochemical treatment of tyrosol, a model phenolic compound present in olive mill wastewater, by hydroxyl and sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 367: 734-742. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.06.062 [27] ELHORRI A M, BELAID K D, ZOUAOUI–RABAH M, et al. Theoretical study of the azo dyes dissociation by advanced oxidation using Fukui indices. DFT calculations[J]. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 2018, 1130: 98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.03.018 [28] 曹婷婷. Co(Ⅱ)-BiOCl@生物炭光催化降解酚类污染物的效能及机制[D]. 哈尔滨工业大学, 2021. [29] ZUPANC M, PETKOVŠEK M, ZEVNIK J, et al. Anomalies detected during hydrodynamic cavitation when using salicylic acid dosimetry to measure radical production[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020, 396: 125389. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125389 [30] HU R, ZHANG L, HU J. Study on the kinetics and transformation products of salicylic acid in water via ozonation[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 153: 394-404. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.074 [31] WU Y, DENG L, BU L, et al. Degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) by vacuum ultraviolet process: influencing factors, oxidation products, and toxicity assessment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 2019, 26(6): 5435-5444. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-3914-x