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厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonia oxidation,ANAMMOX)是一种利用厌氧氨氧化菌(anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria,AnAOB)在厌氧/缺氧条件下以NO2−-N为电子受体,将NH4+-N转化为N2和少量NO3−-N的新型生物脱氮技术[1]。ANAMMOX工艺被公认是替代完全硝化-反硝化工艺的废水脱氮技术[2]。相比于完全硝化-反硝化工艺,ANAMMOX具有曝气能耗低、无需投加有机碳源和污泥产量少等特点,在处理高氨氮或低C/N废水时优势显著,是水处理领域的热点技术[3-4],可广泛应用于印染废水[5]、铁路粪便污水[6]、垃圾渗滤液[7-8]、污泥消化液[9]等高氨氮废水处理领域。垃圾渗滤液是一类典型的含有高浓度NH4+-N和有机物的难处理废水。部分亚硝化/厌氧氨氧化(partial nitritation/ANAMMOX,PN/A)作为一种先进的自养脱氮技术特别适用于垃圾渗滤液处理。由于垃圾渗滤液中有机物浓度过高,不利于AnAOB生长,长期运行ANAMMOX甚至可能被反硝化所取代[10]。而且,PN/A工艺的脱氮效率理论上最高只有89%[11]。为了提高脱氮效率,研究者对基于ANAMMOX的各种组合工艺开展了广泛研究。比如REN等[12]基于一体式固定膜活性污泥的单级PN/A工艺,建立了连续推流式多级缺氧/好氧系统处理垃圾渗滤液,总无机氮去除率(total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency,TINRE)达到98.1%,ZHANG等[13]构建的两级序批式PN/A-PD/A垃圾渗滤液处理系统,TINRE高达到98.8%。
在工程项目中,某些突发状况可能会导致废水处理系统无法正常运行。由于AnAOB对氮素基质、温度、pH和DO等环境条件的变化较为敏感[14-16],ANAMMOX工艺长期停止运行必然会导致AnAOB活性降低[2]和增殖速度变慢[17]。因此,在工程化废水处理系统无法正常运行时维持AnAOB活性,以及系统运行恢复后快速恢复工艺性能,对ANAMMOX工艺的工程应用发展具有极为重要的意义。
王莹等[18]总结了温度、底物基质、反应器类型和外加条件(重金属等)对AnAOB保藏后活性恢复的影响。李冬等[19]研究发现,在4 ℃无基质条件下保藏的ANAMMOX颗粒污泥,投加适量葡萄糖可以提高胞外聚合物(EPS)的含量,丰富ANAMMOX反应途径,使菌种活性更快恢复。XING等[20]评估了高活性的ANAMMOX颗粒污泥在4 ℃条件下饥饿50 d后的再活化特征,发现恢复运行4 d后即可恢复污泥脱氮性能,8 d后可完全恢复活性。YE等[21]对ANAMMOX污泥进行了重复短期饥饿后再活化实验,发现在低底物浓度条件下ANAMMOX脱氮能力迅速恢复。马冰冰等[22]探究了ANAMMOX生物滤柱和膜生物反应器长期饥饿后的恢复特征,结果表明长期断流后生物滤柱具有较高的稳定性,性能更易恢复,经过39 d总氮去除率恢复87.0%;膜生物反应器则在进水基质浓度较高的条件下恢复效果更好。李祥等[23]在实验室室温条件下验证了定期投加基质缓解ANAMMOX污泥活性衰减的可行性;另一研究结果表明微生物在低负荷条件下会分泌更多的EPS,有助于系统应对氮负荷的变化[24]。这为通过此类方法保持ANAMMOX污泥活性提供了理论依据。
但是,在实验室小试和模拟废水条件下对菌种活性保藏和恢复的研究与工程应用中面临的情况存在较大差距,对指导工程项目实施的可参考性存在一定的疑问。为此,本研究以处理典型老龄垃圾渗滤液的中试规模前置反硝化部分亚硝化耦合PN/A脱氮系统为研究对象,探讨了在系统无法正常运行时通过维持PN/A单元低负荷运行保持AnAOB活性的策略,并考察了系统性能恢复特征和微生物种群结构的变化特征,以期为ANAMMOX工艺在老龄垃圾渗滤液处理工程中的应用提供技术指导。
低负荷运行对中试ANAMMOX活性维持的影响和工艺性能恢复特征
Impacts of low-load operation on ANAMMOX activity maintenance at pilot scale and the recovery characteristics of the process performance
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摘要: 基于前置反硝化部分亚硝化耦合部分亚硝化(PN)/厌氧氨氧化(A)垃圾渗滤液中试处理系统,研究了系统无法正常运行时维持PN/A单元低负荷运行保持ANAMMOX微生物活性的可行性,并探究了系统性能恢复特征。结果表明,低负荷运行10 d后PN/A单元总无机氮去除负荷(TINRRPN/A)仍有0.227 kg·(m3·d)−1,达到稳定运行阶段的43.3%,氨氮和总无机氮去除率都达到89.5%以上,说明低负荷运行可以有效缓解ANAMMOX污泥活性的衰减。采用逐步提高进水氨氮负荷结合控制DO的恢复策略,经过9 d系统性能得到完全恢复。TINRRPN/A恢复到0.513 kg·(m3·d)−1,达到稳定运行阶段的97.7%。高通量测序结果表明,Ca_Anammoxoglobus菌属更能适应老龄垃圾渗滤液水质,其稳定运行阶段和恢复后的相对丰度分别为12.41%和11.19%。以上研究结果有望为厌氧氨氧化工艺的工程应用提供有益的技术指导。Abstract: Based on the combined process of pre-denitrification, partial nitritation and partial nitritation(PN)/ANAMMOX(A) for landfill leachate treatment at the pilot-scale, the feasibility of activity maintenance of anammox bacteria by low-load operation and the recovery characteristics of the process performance under the abnormal operation conditions were studied. The results showed that the total inorganic nitrogen removal rate of PN/A process (TINRRPN/A) remained at 0.227 kg·(m3·d)−1 after 10 days of low-load operation of the PN/A reactor, and it reached 43.3% of the value at the stable operation stage, and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and total inorganic nitrogen were both above 89.5%. This indicated that the attenuation of the activity of ANAMMOX sludge could be effectively alleviated by low-load operation. Based on a recovery strategy combining stepwise increase of ammonia loading rate and DO control, the system performance could be completely restored after 9 days. The TINRRPN/A restored to 0.513 kg·(m3·d)−1 and reached 97.7% of the value at the stable operation stage. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that Ca_Anammoxoglobus was more suitable to mature landfill leachate, its relative abundances at the stable operation stage and after recovery of the PN/A were 12.41% and 11.19%, respectively. This study provides a useful technical guidance for the engineering application of the ANAMMOX process.
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Key words:
- anaerobic ammonia oxidation /
- activity maintenance /
- rapid recovery /
- pilot-scale
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