美国替代品评估方法及其对我国新污染物治理的启示
Chemical Alternatives Assessment in the United States and Its Implications for New Pollutants Control in China
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摘要: 国际社会日益关注生态环境与健康风险防控，积极推动绿色替代技术创新，新污染物治理、化学品全过程生态环境风险防控和各种绿色替代材料开发成为发达国家生态环境管理和研究重点。本文系统梳理了美国面向环境设计的替代品评估方法，阐述分析了评估指标、分级标准、数据来源以及替代评估原则和步骤等，从服务我国新污染物治理的角度总结分析了美国环境设计替代品评估方法的参考价值。本研究可为我国有毒有害化学物质环境管理和新污染物治理工作中建立新污染物绿色替代技术及评估体系提供借鉴。Abstract: The international community has paid increasing attention to the prevention and control of ecological environment and health risks. Up to now, the development of green alternative technologies and materials, control of new pollutants, and the prevention and control of ecological environment risks in the whole service life of chemicals have become the focus of ecological environment management and research in developed countries. To promote the substitution of toxic and harmful chemicals in China, this paper systematically sorts out the evaluation methods of alternatives for environmental design in the United States, and elaborates the evaluation indicators, classification standards, data sources, as well as the principles and steps of alternative evaluation. In addition, this paper summarizes and analyzes the reference value of the evaluation methods of alternatives for environmental design in the United States from the perspective of new pollutants control in China. This study can provide references for the establishment of green alternative technology and assessment system of new pollutants in the environmental management of toxic and harmful chemicals and the control of new pollutants in China.
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王亚韡, 梁勇, 麻东慧, 等. 加强高风险化学品全生命周期风险管控, 促进环境友好型替代品研发[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2020, 35(11):1351-1357 Wang Y W, Liang Y, Ma D H, et al. Strengthen risk management and control of high-risk chemicals, promote development of environmentally friendly alternatives [J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2020, 35(11):1351-1357(in Chinese)
中共中央国务院办公厅. 中共中央国务院办公厅关于印发新污染物治理行动方案的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-05-04) [2023-02-13]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-05/24/content_5692059.htm 中国科学技术部, 中国生态环境部, 中国住房和城乡建设部, 中国气象局, 中国国家林业和草原局. 关于印发《"十四五"生态环境领域科技创新专项规划》的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-05-04) [2023-02013]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-11/02/content_5723769.htm Jacobs M M, Malloy T F, Tickner J A, et al. Alternatives assessment frameworks:Research needs for the informed substitution of hazardous chemicals [J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2016, 124(3):265-280 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Design for the environment alternatives assessments [EB/OL]. [2023-02-13]. https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/design-environment-alternatives-assessments European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Guidance on the preparation of an application for authorisation [EB/OL]. [2023-08-13]. https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17235/authorisation_application_en.pdf/8f8fdb30-707b-4b2f-946f-f4405c64cdc7?t=1610458546310 Rossi M, Tickner J, Geiser K. Alternatives assessment framework of the Lowell center for sustainable production [EB/OL]. [2023-08-13]. http://www.chemicalspolicy.org/downloads/FinalAltsAssess06.pdf#:-:text=The%20Lowe-ll%20Center%20for%20Sustainable%20Produc-tion%20has%20developed,alternatives%20to%20chemi-cals%2C%20materials%2C%20and%20products%20of%20concern Lavoie E T, Heine L G, Holder H, et al. Chemical alternatives assessment:Enabling substitution to safer chemicals [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(24):9244-9249 Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics of US EPA. Design for the Environment Program Alternatives Assessment Criteria for Hazard Evaluation (Version 2.0) [EB/OL]. [2023-02-13]. https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/alternatives-assessment-criteria-hazard-evaluation -
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