国内外化学物质环境暴露评估策略对比及启示
Comparison and Enlightenment of Environmental Exposure Assessment Strategies of Chemical Substances
-
摘要: 风险评估是化学物质环境管理的重要基础，而环境暴露评估是风险评估的重要内容。综述了美国、欧盟、加拿大、日本、中国及OECD的化学物质环境暴露评估方法与策略，从暴露场景、生命周期阶段、排放评估、环境浓度确定和评估层级、不确定性分析、累积风险评估、特殊物质评估等方面进行了分析，提出中国在环境暴露评估领域需要发展完善的方面，包括：规范区域暴露评估要求、开发多层级环境暴露模型和不确定性评估模型、建立累积性风险评估技术方法以及金属化合物的暴露评估技术方法，以进一步完善新污染物治理“筛、评、控”技术体系。Abstract: Risk assessment is an important foundation for the environmental management of chemical substances, and environmental exposure assessment is an important concept in risk assessment. This article reviews the method systems and strategies for environmental exposure assessment of chemicals established in the United States, the European Union, Japan, Canada, China and OECD. This review covers the aspects such as the exposure scenarios, life cycle stages, emission assessment, environmental exposure estimation, assessment level, uncertainty analysis, cumulative risk assessment, and exposure assessment of special substances. Finally, in order to further improve the “screen, assess, control” technical system for the management of new pollutants in China, the areas that China needs to develop and improve in the field of environmental exposure assessment were proposed, including clarifying regional exposure assessment requirements, developing multi-level environmental exposure models and uncertainty assessment models, establishing cumulative risk assessment technology and methods, as well as exposure assessment technology and methods for metal compounds.
-
Key words:
- chemicals /
- source emission /
- environmental exposure /
- risk assessment /
- new pollutants
-
-
郭亚静, 方刚, 林雨琛, 等. 国外污染物释放和转移登记(PRTR)制度比较研究及启示[J]. 环境科学研究, 2021, 34(11): 2769-2777 Guo Y J, Fang G, Lin Y C, et al. A comparative study on foreign pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) systems[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(11): 2769-2777(in Chinese)
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-16-G-08-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part D: Framework for exposure assessment: Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2016 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-15-G-11-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.12: Use description: Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2015 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-12-G-19-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.13: Risk management measures and operational conditions: Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2012 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-16-G-03-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.16: Environmental exposure assessment[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2016 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). EPA/100/B-19/001 guidelines for human exposure assessment[S]. Washington, D.C.: Risk Assessment Forum, 2019 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Points to consider when preparing TSCA new chemical notifications[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018 Environmental Canada. Overview of the ecological assessment of substances under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act[EB/OL]. (2011-04-20)[2024-06-23]. https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/canadian-environmental-protection-act-registry/publications/overview-ecological-assessment-substances.html. Environment Canada. Technical approach for "rapid screening" of substances of lower ecological concern[R]. Gatineau, QC, Canada: Existing Substances Division, Environment Canada, 2007 Ministry of the Environment. Methods for the risk assessment of priority assessment chemical substances[R]. Tokyo, Japan: Ministry of the Environment, 2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Guidance to assist interested persons in developing and submitting draft risk evaluations under the toxic substances control act[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2017 Lippmann M. Exposure science in the 21st Century: A vision and a strategy[J]. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 2013, 23(1): 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Final scope of the risk evaluation for octamethylcyclotetra-siloxane (cyclotetrasiloxane, 2,2,4,4,6,6,8,8-octamethyl-)(D4)[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2022 王蕾, 汪贞, 古文, 等. 欧美日化学物质环境排放场景体系对比及启示(上)[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2021, 16(6): 26-36 Wang L, Wang Z, Gu W, et al. Comparative study and enlightenment on chemical environmental emission scenarios in Europe, America and Japan (part 1)[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2021, 16(6): 26-36(in Chinese)
王蕾, 汪贞, 古文, 等. 欧美日化学物质环境排放场景体系对比及启示(下)[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2021, 16(6): 37-44 Wang L, Wang Z, Gu W, et al. Comparative study and enlightenment on chemical environmental emission scenarios in Europe, America and Japan (part 2)[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2021, 16(6): 37-44(in Chinese)
周林军, 古文, 刘济宁, 等. 化学品环境暴露评估模型研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2018, 13(1): 61-74 Zhou L J, Gu W, Liu J N, et al. Review on environmental exposure models for chemicals[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018, 13(1): 61-74(in Chinese)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Guidance Document for Exposure Assessment Based on Environmental Monitoring Data[R]. Paris: OECD, 2013 Eva W D M, Frank W, Jon A. Development and application of models of chemical fate in Canada, modelling guidance document[R]. Ontario: Trent University, 2005 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Screen3 model user's guide[R]. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995 Versar. Exposure and fate assessment screening tool (E-FAST) version 2.0 documentation manual[R]. Springfield: Versar, Inc., 2007 MacKay D, Di Guardo A, Paterson S, et al. Evaluating the environmental fate of a variety of types of chemicals using the EQC model[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1996, 15(9): 1627-1637 Kawamoto K, MacLeod M, MacKay D. Evaluation and comparison of multimedia mass balance models of chemical fate: Application of EUSES and ChemCAN to 68 chemicals in Japan[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 44(4): 599-612 杨朴非, 秦孟, 刘丽艳, 等. 中国化学品环境暴露评估领域的综合区划[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(9): 4115-4122 Yang P F, Qin M, Liu L Y, et al. Comprehensive regionalization of China for the assessment of chemical environmental exposure[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(9): 4115-4122(in Chinese)
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). OECD series on emission scenario documents, No. 1. Guidance document on emission scenario documents[R]. Paris: OECD, 2000 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-12-G-25-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.19: Uncertainty analysis[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Risk assessment forum white paper: Probabilistic risk assessment methods and case studies[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2014 Isaacs K K, Glen W G, Egeghy P, et al. SHEDS-HT: An integrated probabilistic exposure model for prioritizing exposures to chemicals with near-field and dietary sources[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(21): 12750-12759 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). SHEDS-multimedia model version 3, technical manual[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Framework for cumulative risk assessment[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2003 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Concepts, methods, and data sources for cumulative health risk assessment of multiple chemicals, exposures and effects: A resource document[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Draft proposed principles of cumulative risk assessment under the toxic substances control act[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2023 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Framework for metals risk assessment[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007 European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). ECHA-15-G-04.1-EN guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Appendix R.7.13-2: Environmental risk assessment for metals and metal compounds[S]. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency, 2008 中国环境科学学会. 重金属环境健康风险评估技术规范: T/CSES 38—2021[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学学会, 2021 张芊芊. 中国流域典型新型有机污染物排放量估算、多介质归趋模拟及生态风险评估[D]. 北京: 中国科学院大学, 2015: 1-318 Zhang Q Q. Emission estimation, multimedia fate modeling and risk assessment of typical emerging pollutants at river basin scale in China[D]. Beijing: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015: 1 -318(in Chinese)
生态环境部南京环境科学研究所. 化学品环境暴露参数手册-江苏卷[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2022: 11-155 Kehrein N, Berlekamp J, Klasmeier J. Modeling the fate of down-the-drain chemicals in whole watersheds: New version of the GREAT-ER software[J]. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2015, 64: 1-8 Young D F, Muneer A. Point source calculator: A model for estimating chemical concentration in water bodies[R]. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019 Suzuki N, Murasawa K, Sakurai T, et al. Geo-referenced multimedia environmental fate model (G-CIEMS): Model formulation and comparison to the generic model and monitoring approaches[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004, 38(21): 5682-5693 -
点击查看大图
计量
- 文章访问数: 1129
- HTML全文浏览数: 1129
- PDF下载数: 177
- 施引文献: 0
下载:
