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湖泊和河流是生活、农业和工业用水的重要来源之一,作为海洋和陆地物质循环的关键性纽带,在全球生物地球化学循环中起着关键作用[1]。水体离子组成主要受蒸发-结晶、风化作用、侵蚀、大气降水以及人类活动等因素的影响,且离子间存在一定的相关关系[2],相关研究指出,我国东部地区如长江等水系主要离子化学特征受碳酸盐和蒸发岩矿物影响较大[3],西部地区如新疆祁漫塔格地区[4],喀什噶尔河流域[5]以及艾比湖流域[6]受岩石风化溶解和蒸发-浓缩作用的影响较大,其他区域如漓江流域,岩石风化溶解对河水中主要离子的影响较大,另外还受一定的人类活动的影响[7]。水体中的化学离子是水化学研究的重要内容,水化学组成是水体在大气、土壤等循环过程中与其所处的周边环境长时间相互作用的结果[8],其成分组成可以对地表风化作用过程和水体自身的迁移和转化过程具有一定的指示作用,而且还可以反映区域水化学元素的来源、组成及含量特征[5,9],水化学组成成分已经成为影响社会发展和人类生存的重要问题而受到普遍关注。
近几年来,对于东平湖环境方面研究的学者较多,主要集中于土壤、沉积物以及水体同位素等方面[10-18],但是针对其水化学方面的探索却鲜有报道。在过去的几十年里,东平湖水类型由碳酸盐型(
$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\text{Ⅱ}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}} $ 和$ {\mathrm{C}}_{\text{Ⅲ}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}} $ )转变成为硫酸盐型($ {\mathrm{S}}_{\text{Ⅱ}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}} $ 和$ {\mathrm{S}}_{\text{Ⅲ}}^{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{a}} $ )[19],溶解性硫酸盐变成该地表水中重要的组分,硫酸根参与了碳酸盐岩风化过程,与大气中CO2的释放过程有着密切的关系,从而对全球碳循环产生影响,所以,硫酸盐的来源解析是需要关注的问题[1],另外,离子组成的来源也至关重要。本文运用空间插值法、数理统计法、Piper三线图、箱型图、相关系数分析以及Gibbs图等方法分析了东平湖主要的水化学参数特征及成因,不但对浅水湖泊与多河流水环境的关系研究具有理论意义,也对缓解北方部分地区水资源短缺问题具有重要的战略意义[20],比如为南水北调东线工程河流-湖泊水资源的合理配置提供科技支撑;除此之外,还可以为今后研究我国东平湖区域以及其他地区地表水的水化学变化、水质特征、合理利用以及对水资源的保护提供依据。
东平湖水化学特征及成因分析
Analysis on hydrochemical characteristics and causes of Dongping Lake
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摘要: 地表水化学参数特征及其成因分析是地表水资源评价与管理的重要组成部分。为研究泰安市东平湖水化学特征及成因,采用空间插值、Piper三线图、Gibbs图以及相关性分析等方法,探讨了研究区不同月份、不同类型东平湖地表水水化学组份特征及影响因素、各离子的来源等问题。结果显示,东平湖湖水属于碱性水体,TDS时空分布差异显著,10月份总体浓度最高,8月份最低;6月湖区TDS含量从湖区东南向西北逐渐递增,10月从湖心向南北两侧逐渐递增。研究区湖水主要水化学类型由SO4-Na→SO4- Na·Ca·Mg→SO4-Ca型转变,该地区地表水的水化学类型易多变;水体中阳离子以Na+为主,Ca2+稍次之,阴离子以
${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 为主;水体中K+和Na+来源于大气环流所携带的海盐,${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 和Mg2+可能来自白云岩等碳酸盐岩或黑云母的风化溶解,${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 则主要来源于人类活动,少量来自石膏溶解, Ca2+则来源于钙长石的风化以及石膏的溶解。由此可见,东平湖水体离子组分基本来源于蒸发结晶,部分组分来源于岩石风化,大气降水的输入作用十分微弱。Abstract: The analysis of chemical parameters and their causes is an important component of the evaluation and management of surface water resources. For the purpose of understanding hydrochemical characteristics and the causes of Dongping Lake, Tai’an City, spatial interpolation, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were used to study the chemical composition characteristics, influencing factors and sources of various ions of Dongping lake surface water in different months and types in the study area. The results showed that dongping lake was an alkaline water body,and the TDS concentration was the highest in October and the lowest in August.The concentration of TDS in the lake area increased gradually from the Southeast to the Northwest in June. However, it increased gradually from the center of the lake to both sides of North and South in October. The main water chemical types of the lake in the study area changed from SO4-Na to SO4-Na·Ca·Mg and SO4-Ca. And the hydrochemical types of the surface water in study area were variable. The major cations in the water were dominated by Na+ and followed by Ca2+, and the major anions was${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ . Correlation coefficient indicated that the ions of K + and Na + came from the ocean,${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ and Mg2+ probably came from dolomite weathering dissolution of carbonate rocks or biotite, such as for${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ mainly came from human activities, a small amount from gypsum dissolution, Ca2+ was derived from the weathering and gypsum dissolution of calcium feldspar, The ionic composition of the water body in the study area basically came from evaporation crystallization, and some components came from rock weathering. The input of atmospheric precipitation was very limited.-
Key words:
- Dongping Lake /
- hydrochemical characteristics /
- Piper trilinear diagram /
- Gibbs diagram
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表 1 东平湖4个月份的水化学参数
Table 1. Hydrochemical parameters of Dongping Lake in different months
月份 水温/℃
TemperaturepH TDS/
(mg·L−1)电导率/(μS·cm−1)
ConductivityK+s/
(mg·L−1)Na+/
(mg·L−1)Ca2+/
(mg·L−1)Mg2+/
(mg·L−1)Cl−/
(mg·L−1) /${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $
(mg·L−1) /${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $
(mg·L−1) /${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $
(mg·L−1)4月 16 9.06 751 1501 3 57 41 38 93 252 5 148 6月 28 8.00 722 1446 3 50 45 41 101 271 6 154 8月 30 7.49 656 1315 2 57 54 35 181 256 3 167 10月 21 8.19 806 955 3 31 71 24 107 167 3 150 表 2 各月份水化学参数相关系数矩阵
Table 2. Monthly matrix of correlation coefficients of hydrochemical parameters
Month index TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ Cl− ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ 4月 K+ −0.042 Na+ 0.001 0.627** Ca2+ 0.445** −0.281 −0.319* Mg2+ −0.064 0.719** 0.667** −0.231 ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ 0.063 0.391* 0.524** 0.008 0.518** ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 0.386* 0.706** 0.603** 0.039 0.622** 0.396* Cl− −0.065 0.650** 0.563** −0.021 0.841** 0.428** 0.477** ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.041 0.840** 0.668** −0.362* 0.857** 0.517** 0.676** 0.650** 6月 K+ −0.843** Na+ −0.352* 0.438** Ca2+ −0.912** 0.867** 0.312* Mg2+ −0.904** 0.853** 0.534** 0.800** ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ −0.595** 0.790** 0.255 0.645** 0.676** ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ −0.842** 0.839** 0.401* 0.899** 0.808** 0.638** Cl− −0.882** 0.946** 0.511** 0.885** 0.939** 0.762** 0.854** ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.926** 0.887** 0.511** 0.892** 0.963** 0.703** 0.836** 0.956** 8月 K+ 0.495** Na+ 0.613** 0.463** Ca2+ −0.320* −0.03 −0.184 8月 Mg2+ 0.015 −0.089 −0.14 −0.394* ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ 0.056 −0.081 0.326* −0.351* −0.062 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 0.272 0.621** −0.018 −0.158 0.07 −0.357* Cl− 0.363* 0.27 0.652** −0.184 −0.068 0.209 0.12 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.131 −0.523** −0.178 0.165 0.155 −0.117 −0.324* −0.079 10月 K+ 0.121 Na+ 0.01 0.203 Ca2+ 0.188 −0.104 −0.223 Mg2+ −0.183 0.006 −0.002 −0.390* ${\rm{CO}}_3^{2-} $ 0.02 0.03 −0.109 0.177 −0.11 ${\rm{HCO}}_3^{-} $ 0.083 −0.094 0.134 0.111 0.11 0.183 Cl− 0.356* 0.276 0.08 0.034 −0.011 0.016 −0.08 ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ −0.313* 0.042 0.168 −0.196 0.585** −0.067 0.051 −0.018 ** P<0.01, P<0.05. -
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