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近百年来,工业水平高速发展,水源污染形势日益严峻,人类社会对饮用水质量的要求日趋严格。在饮用水净化处理过程中,以增加铝盐混凝剂投加量为主要手段的强化混凝技术已成为高效去除水体污染物的主要方式,但与之带来的出厂水中铝残余量显著增加的现象难以避免。此外,近年来大量开展的黑臭水体治理等水环境修复工作,也涉及铝盐混凝剂净化天然水体、处理剩余污泥等方面的应用,增加了水环境中铝残留的环境健康风险[1-2]。
残余铝作为此过程中不可避免的次生污染物,具有强烈的化学活泼性和生物有效性[3]。在人体中积累可导致语言表达能力丧失、记忆能力退化、骨质疏松软化、肝肾功能失调,诱发血液疾病、心血管疾病、阿尔茨海默病、肾衰竭及尿毒症等[4]。研究表明,铝的生物毒性不仅取决于铝的残留浓度,更与其赋存形态密切相关[5]。相关研究大多从剂量-效应角度评价残留铝的毒性特征,鲜有研究探讨不同形态羟基铝团簇的毒性效应。近二十年来,随着低浓度羟基铝团簇形态识别技术的日益成熟[6],铝离子向纳米聚合形态转化的过程逐渐清晰[7]。然而,受低浓度铝形态鉴定、解析技术瓶颈限制,以及受纳米铝团簇赋存形态和转化机制复杂性的影响,纳米羟基铝团簇的致毒过程和机理是否类似于传统单体铝(如Alm)、低聚体铝絮凝剂,纳米残余铝团簇毒性效应特征与其团簇形态的响应关系等依然不清[8]。
本文以残余铝团簇为主要对象,在归纳铝残留途径的基础上,对目前关于铝无机单体态(Alm)和纳米多核形态(Al13)的毒性效应研究进行综述,分析不同残余形态铝的毒性效应特征和影响因素,以期为优化控制混凝工艺中铝的投加和残留控制,确保水生态环境安全提供参考。
单体铝与纳米铝团簇絮凝剂的残余毒性效应
Residual toxicity effects of monomeric aluminum and polymeric nanometer aluminum cluster
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摘要: 铝盐絮凝剂是国内外最常用的水处理和水环境修复药剂,一直以来对其残余毒性研究主要是从传统单体铝角度进行探索。残余铝的生物毒性与其赋存形态具有相关性。目前针对铝总量毒性的研究较多,但从形态角度对不同形态羟基铝尤其是纳米Al13团簇毒性效应的研究相对缺乏,且已有研究结果存在争议。单体铝在一定条件下可转化为纳米铝团簇,进一步增大残余铝的毒性效应复杂性。为此,本研究在调查铝残留途径和来源的基础上,深入探讨了不同形态羟基铝(无机单体离子态Alm、纳米多核团簇态Al13)毒性效应的研究进展,分析残余铝的毒性效应特征和影响因素,为优化铝盐絮凝剂投加、残余铝控制标准修订和确保水生态环境安全提供参考。Abstract: The aluminum salt flocculant is the most commonly used agent for water treatment, and its residual toxicity has been studied from the perspective of monomeric aluminum. The bio-toxicity and bio-availability differences of residual aluminum were dependent on the speciation. Previous research mainly focused on the aluminum toxicity on the perspective of dose-effect relationship, lacking the view from aluminum species and residual clusters. In addition, residual aluminum could transform into nanometer polymeric cluster under natural conditions, and also enhance the bio-toxicities. The toxicity of different Al species (monomeric Alm, polymeric nano-Al13) were compared and analyzed in this study, which facilitates the optimizing the dosage of coagulants in water treatment processes, and further protecting the ecological safety of water environment.
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Key words:
- residual Al /
- nanometer polymeric Al /
- coagulants /
- toxicity effect
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表 1 国内外生活饮用水铝残留标准 (单位: mg·L−1)
Table 1. Standard for residual aluminum concentration in drinking water (Unit: mg·L−1)
世界卫生组织
World Health
Organization欧共体
European Community日本
Japan美国
America前苏联
Former Soviet Union中国
China残留铝浓度标准
Standard of residual
aluminum concentration0.20 0.20 0.20 0.05 0.50 0.20 表 2 无机单体铝离子生物毒性研究现状
Table 2. Research status of biological toxicity effects of inorganic mononuclear Al
赋存形态
Speciation浓度
Concentration受试生物
Organisms测试指标
Indexs暴露时间
Exposure time结果
Results文献
ReferencesAlCl3 2 mg·kg−1 大鼠 记忆能力脂质过氧化反应 84 d 记忆力下降MDA↑ SOD↓ [55] AlCl3 430 mg·L−1 大鼠 血浆Al、转铁蛋白(TF)、可溶性转铁蛋白受体(sTfR)含量及总铁结合力(TIBC) 120 d 体重抑制干扰体内铁代谢 [44] AlCl3 1 g 大鼠 富集率 120 d 45% [39] 0.03 g 大鼠 富集率 120 d 59% AlCl3 6.53 mg·L−1 鳟鱼 鳃组织损伤 96 h 渗透调节紊乱酶活↓ [32] AlCl3(矿山废水) 0.2 mg·L−1 枝角类植物 急性毒性(致死率) 24 h 与离子交换位点结合 [56] AlCl3 3 g·L−1 蛋白核小球藻 生物累积生长抑制 24 h 低pH下毒性↓ [57] 表 3 非单体铝的生物毒性研究现状
Table 3. Biological toxicity effects of no-nmonomeric Al species
赋存形态
Speciation浓度
Concentration受试生物
Organisms测试指标
Indexs暴露时间
Exposure time结果
Results文献
ReferencesAl13、Al3+ 0.01 m mol·L−1 体外 苹果酸脱氢酶MDAH 50 s 毒性作用Al13>Al3+ [65] 0.1 mol·L−1 体外 还原型谷胱甘肽GSH 50 s [66] 0.25 mol·L−1 烟酰胺腺嘌呤
二核苷酸构象谷氨酸脱氢酶谷胱
甘肽还原酶GR50 s [51,67] Al13、Al3+ 0—100 μmol·L−1 大豆 根尖红细胞 12 h 毒性作用Al13>Al3+ [64] Al2O3 50—200 μm
3000 mg·kg−1蚯蚓 繁殖和行为 28 d 回避行为繁殖未减少 [68] 11 nm
3000 mg·kg−1蚯蚓 繁殖和行为 28 d 回避行为繁殖减少 [68] Al(OH)3 50 mg·L−1 鲑鱼 慢性毒性 28 d 慢性中毒 [69] -
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