四溴双酚A在土壤中的降解转化及残留研究进展
Degradation, transformation, and residue formation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in soil: A review
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摘要: 四溴双酚A （tetrabromobisphenol A，TBBPA）是全球生产量最大的溴代阻燃剂，广泛应用于电子产品和塑料等高分子材料的生产中.由于高的亲脂性及环境稳定性，TBBPA在土壤中易于累积.土壤作为污染物主要的汇之一，污染物在土壤中的环境过程和归趋对正确评价污染物的环境风险至关重要.本文综述了土壤中TBBPA在不同氧化还原条件（无氧条件，连续无氧-有氧条件和有氧条件）下、植物（芦苇和水稻）或蚯蚓（Metaphire guillelmi和Eisenia fetida）存在时的降解、矿化、代谢路径、不可提取态残留（non-extractable residues，NERs）形成和稳定性，以及相关微观机理.TBBPA在无氧条件下脱溴降解为双酚A，并稳定地存在于无氧土壤中.有氧土壤中的TBBPA经过甲基化、本位取代，以及烷基链断裂生成多种代谢产物.植物和蚯蚓会改变土壤中TBBPA的归趋，具体表现为明显降低TBBPA矿化，增加甲基化（形成更多甲基醚类代谢产物），减少NERs形成.TBBPA及其代谢产物可以和土壤中有机质以酯键和醚键的方式形成NERs.土壤氧化还原状态的改变会使NERs释放TBBPA及其代谢产物，但水稻根系分泌物添加到土壤中对NERs的释放没有显著影响.未来需要进一步研究TBBPA在土壤中转化的微生物学机制、土壤中NERs的形成机制、在生物体内的转化体制、以及土壤中不同形态NERs和生物体内NERs的稳定性和生物效应等，为全面准确评估TBBPA的环境风险提供科学依据.Abstract: Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is the most preferred brominated flame retardant worldwide, used widely in the production of electronic appliances and plastics. Soil is one of the main sinks of contaminants, and the environmental processes and fate of TBBPA in soil are essential to the environmental risk of TBBPA. Here we reviewed the degradation, mineralization, metabolism, and non-extractable residues (NERs)-formation of TBBPA in soil under various redox conditions (anoxic incubation, sequential anoxic-oxic incubation, and oxic incubation) and in the presence of plants (reed and rice) and earthworms (Metaphire guillelmi and Eisenia fetida). In anoxic soil, TBBPA was reductively debrominated to end product bisphenol A, which was not degraded in soil under further incubation, while in oxic soil, TBBPA was transformed to various metabolites via O-methylation, ipso-hydroxylation, and oxidative skeletal cleavage. The presence of plants and earthworms changed the fate of TBBPA, increased the mineralization and the formation of persistent O-methylation metabolites, and decreased formation of NERs. TBBPA and its metabolites could form NERs with soil organic matter via ester- and ether-linkages. When soil redox conditions were changed, TBBPA and its metabolites could be released from the NERs, while amendment of rice root exudates did not have significant effect on the NERs release. Further studies are needed on microbiology of TBBPA transformation in soil, contributions of physico-chemical entrapment, covalent bondings, and biological assimilation to NER formation, transformation of TBBPA in organisms, especially in the body of plants and soil animals, and soil stability and biological effects of NERs that are formed in soil and organisms, to provide data for comprehensive assessment on environmental risks of TBBPA.
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Key words:
- TBBPA /
- metabolism /
- fate /
- non-extractable residues /
- brominated flame retardants
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