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随着经济的不断发展,资源环境在满足人们不断增加的物质文化需求的同时也受到了相当大的危害,并带来了一系列环境问题,如重金属污染、有机污染物污染以及其他污染[1-2]。零价铁作为一种还原剂,广泛存在于自然界,自身价格低廉、无毒害作用,在环境修复中有巨大潜能,但其比表面积较小,影响处理效果。而还原性更强、比表面积更高的纳米零价铁的出现,有效解决了零价铁作用效果不明显的问题,使其成为土壤和地下水修复最有效的技术之一[3-4]。近年来,纳米零价铁已被广泛用于多种污染物的去除,其中包括 (氯代烃,硝基芳烃,多氯联苯,有机磷酸盐,重金属等),在环境污染的净化中展现出显著的作用效果[5]。但纳米零价铁自身存在易团聚、易氧化、难回收以及潜在生物毒性等问题,限制了在实际中的广泛应用[6]。针对纳米零价铁存在的问题,不同研究者提出了很多新的制备方法 (负载型稳定化处理与表面改性稳定化处理等),显著提高了纳米零价铁的稳定性与处理效果[7-8]。
据调查,已超过 50 种不同类型的纳米零价铁的试点或大规模应用于实际场地,但仍存在一些关键问题需要改进,才能使其大规模的商业化 [6, 9-10]。目前,在纳米零价铁的推广应用方面存在的主要问题就是纳米零价铁的量产问题。以往采用传统的水热法制备的纳米零价铁的量较少,且仅限于实验室研究阶段。而球磨法的出现,一方面可以使得纳米材料以 kg 量级产出[11],为纳米零价铁工业化量产提供了全新的思路;另一方面,通过球磨制备出一种 Fe 基复合体系,进一步提高了纳米零价铁体系整体的作用效果。
本文针对球磨法的作用机理、影响因素及其在纳米零价铁体系的制备以及应用方面做了简要概述,并对未来球磨法在纳米零价铁制备方面提供一些思路。
球磨法制备纳米零价铁的研究进展
Research progress of preparation of nano zero-valent iron by ball milling
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摘要: 纳米零价铁作为一种新型的环境修复材料,兼备纳米材料巨大的表面能与零价铁的还原特性,在环境修复方面已展现出巨大的潜力。然而由于常规方法制备的纳米零价铁的产量较少,无法满足其大范围的实地推广应用。而球磨法作为一种超细纳米材料制备方法,在纳米零价铁的制备方面具有明显优势,除了可以实现纳米零价铁的工业量产,还可以通过构成一种铁基复合体系,增强体系活性,进而提高其对污染物的选择性。本文综述了球磨法制备纳米零价铁及其复合体系,主要从以下三方面进行概述:(1)球磨法的作用机理和主要影响因素;(2)纳米零价铁及其复合体系的制备;(3)球磨法目前存在的问题以及未来的研究方向。
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关键词:
- 球磨法 /
- 纳米零价铁及其复合体系 /
- 制备
Abstract: Nano zero-valent iron, as a new type of environmental remediation material, combines the huge surface energy of nano-materials with the reduction characteristics of zero-valent iron, and has shown great potential in environmental remediation. However, due to the low yield of nano-zero iron prepared by conventional methods, it cannot meet its large-scale field application. As a preparation method of ultra-fine nano-materials, the ball milling method has obvious advantages in the preparation of nanometer zero-valent iron. The ball milling method can not only realize the industrial mass production of nano zero-valent iron, but also can form an iron-based composite system to enhance the activity of its surface system, thereby improving its selectivity for pollutants. This article summarized the preparation of nano zero-valent iron and its composite system by ball milling, mainly summarized from the following three aspects: (1) The action mechanism and main influencing factors of the ball milling method; (2) The preparation of nano zero-valent iron and its composite system; (3) The current problems and future research directions of the ball milling method. -
表 1 不同物理制备法及其优缺点
Table 1. Different physical preparation methods and their advantages and disadvantages
物理制备法
Physical preparation method制备过程
Preparation Process优点
Advantages缺点
Disadvantages高能机械球磨法[24] 利用磨球对金属原料的撞击、压缩、断裂、研磨等作用制备 产量大;成本低;工艺简单 颗粒易粘结氧化;易混入杂质 蒸汽冷凝法[25] 将金属原料蒸发,在通过蒸汽的冷却凝结作用制备 颗粒粒径小且均匀;结晶程度好;分散性好 操作难度高;耗能大;难控制 溅射法[26] 利用辉光放电在惰性气体或活性气体中,使放电的离子冲击材料靶,使其上面的原子蒸发出,后经冷凝处理制备 产物粒径较小,形貌均匀;纯度高 设备要求极高,产率低 等离子体法[27] 利用含有氢气等离子体与金属间电弧产热效应,使得金属熔融,经惰性气体吹出、收集后制得 产物纯度高;颗粒粒径小且分布均匀 设备要求高;能量消耗大 表 2 不同种化学制备法及其优缺点
Table 2. Different chemical preparation methods and their advantages and disadvantages
化学制备法
Chemical preparation method制备过程
Preparation Process优点
Advantages缺点
Disadvantages液相还原法[28] 以含铁盐为前驱体,在惰性气体保护下,以去离子水为介质,用液相还原剂还原制备 制备的颗粒形貌相对统一,粒径较为均匀,活性较高;制备条件温和,操作简单,用时较少 还原剂的成本较高;前驱体的环境危害效应;制备的颗粒分散不均容易粘结团聚 气相化学反应法[29] 以易于气化和分解的含铁材料为前驱体,经高温分解制备 颗粒形貌、粒径、分散性效果最佳;颗粒粒径可调节 操作过程复杂;工艺、设备要求高 固相还原法[30] 以铁氧化物为前驱体,在还原气氛条件下煅烧制备 颗粒结晶度高;性质较为稳定 熔融态下颗粒易团聚;
工艺要求高电沉积法[31] 以含铁离子溶液为介质,在通电条件下,通过电结晶沉积在阴极上制备 密度高,成本低,设备简单;晶粒大小和成核速度可调控 容易混入杂质,纯度不高 溶剂热法[32] 以有机物为溶剂,加入一种或多种前驱体,在密闭体系中以及一定温度和压力下反应制备 过程简单易于控制;防止有毒物质的挥发;产物分散性好,颗粒均匀 原料性质活波,危险性大 -
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