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内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)也称为环境激素(environmental hormone),是一类外源性干扰内分泌系统的化学物质,可分为多卤联苯类、邻苯二甲酸酯类、酚类、重金属类、有机锡类等,通过干扰激素的合成、分泌、运输、代谢和结合,从而影响生物平衡、发育、生殖过程[1]。EDCs通过食物、水源等各种途径进入生物体内,部分EDCs脂溶性较强,可通过食物链富集,且EDCs化学性质稳定,可在机体内长期蓄积难以排出体外[2],因此,即使低浓度的摄入都可能会对生物体产生危害[3-4]。EDCs的毒作用机制大体上可分为直接与受体结合、与激素以外的生物大分子结合、影响内分泌系统与其他系统的协调作用、作用于细胞信号传导通路、与天然激素竞争、抑制微管聚合、增加体内自由基含量和引起细胞凋亡等方面[5]。对生物个体宏观方面的影响主要表现为性激素分泌量及活性下降、雄性物种雌性化、精子数量减少、生殖器官异常、各种癌症发病率(尤其是女性乳腺癌)增加,以致生殖能力下降,后代的健康和成活率降低等[6-10],严重威胁人类和野生动物的物种繁衍和长期生存。
城镇污水处理厂出水被认为是流域EDCs的主要来源,主要因为常规的污水处理设备难以将生活污水中的此类物质完全清除[11]。养殖行业是另一个重要污染来源,为控制家禽家畜的发情周期、治疗生殖障碍、诱导流产等[12-13],会对动物使用大量的类固醇类药物,导致动物排泄物中含有大量的EDCs,并随污水排放或雨水冲刷进入流域。此外,伴随着农业的发展,水源水中检测出多种农药类EDCs[14]。国内外已开展了不少针对EDCs在流域中的污染工作研究。早在1980年,McLachlan等[15]最先开展环境中的EDCs浓度水平研究,而国内邵兵等[16]在2002年首次对重庆流域中的壬基酚污染情况进行报道。杨毅等发现农药、化肥等农资的不规范使用是柏木河中EDCs污染的主要原因[17]。刘畅伶等发现珠江口人为活动活跃河段的EDCs浓度水平较高[18]。
北江是珠江第二大水系,是流域内百万多人口的重要饮用水源地之一。随着工农业的发展,环境中EDCs污染物的累积量同益增加,环境风险也在逐步累积。近年来,已有不少研究开展对北江流域内EDCs的污染研究,化合物集中在多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)[19]、重金属[20]、邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)[21]、有机氯农药(Organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)[22]等,方向多为污染水平和生态风险,鲜少有对雌激素类、其他农药的研究。目前暂无结合当地多种产业结构,详细分析不同产业下游水体的EDCs水平及影响因素的研究。从源头上减排是当前对EDCs排放进行有效控制的主要方法,因此对EDCs的主要来源行业详细分析,有望提高流域EDCs防治政策可行性。因此,本研究针对北江中下游使用EDCs的行业类型、产品种类、规模、分布区域等情况,调查北江中下游EDCs浓度分布,分析其主要来源及生态风险,旨在加强污染源与污染物浓度之间的联系,防范EDCs对流域环境带来的潜在风险。
北江中下游内分泌干扰物的空间分布、生态风险及产业相关性
Spatial distribution, ecological risk and industry-dependence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the Beijiang River, South China
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摘要: 为了解北江中下游内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)空间分布及生态风险,利用LC-MS/MS和GC-MS对北江中下游8个水源地、8个典型种植业下游、5个典型水产养殖业下游及4个大型污水处理厂水样中10种EDCs进行分析。结果表明,10种目标EDCs有6种低于检出限,仅双酚A、雌酮、辛基酚和壬基酚有检出,其中双酚A、壬基酚为北江中下游中主要EDCs,平均浓度分别为360 ng·L−1和382 ng·L−1。空间分布与影响因素分析表明,宏观因素影响区域EDCs浓度整体水平,水源地中辛基酚与壬基酚分别与第一、第二产业总值有明显相关性;局部浓度水平受产业类型、产品种类与上下游等因素影响,种植业、水产养殖业下游EDCs浓度水平主要受区域种植、养殖面积影响,其次是种植、养殖产品种类,污水处理厂出水EDCs浓度与设计处理量、服务人口呈强烈正相关。生态风险评价显示,双酚A、辛基酚和壬基酚生态风险随流域流向逐渐升高,启示对单位长度河段生态风险的变化率分析有助于确定EDCs污染源头。Abstract: Ten endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in water of the Beijiang River, South China were analyzed using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS to understand the spatial distribution and ecological risk. The samples were collected from water sources, typical planting industries, typical aquaculture industries, and wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that only bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol and estrone were detected in the Beijiang River. Bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol were the main EDCs, and the average concentrations were 360 ng·L−1 and 382 ng·L−1, respectively. Analysis of spatial distribution and influencing factors showed that macro factors determined the overall level of EDCs. 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in water sources were significantly correlated with the total values of the first and second industries, respectively. Regional concentrations were affected by industry types, product categories and upstream/downstream locations. The concentrations of EDCs of downstream planting and aquaculture were mainly subject to planting and aquatic breeding areas, followed by the planting and aquatic breeding products. There was a strong positive correlation between the designed capacities and the service population and the concentrations of EDCs in effluent from wastewater treatment plants. The ecological risk of bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol gradually increased with the runoff directions of the basin, indicating that the analysis of the ecological risk change rates of the river section is helpful to determine the sources of EDC pollution.
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表 1 各采样点详细信息
Table 1. Detailed information of sampling sites
采样点
Sampling site类型
Type区域
Area人口/ (万人)
Population第一产业总产值/(亿元)
Primary industry product第二产业总产值/(亿元)
Secondary industry product第三产业总产值/(亿元)
Thirdly industry product种植/养殖面积/(公顷)
Plant/Breet aera日处理量/
总捕捞量/(t)
Daily capacity/
Total yieldSYD-1 河流型 东部 35.18 54.4 83.9 116.6 — — SYD-2 河流型 南部 49.17 28 219 241 — — SYD-3 湖库型 东部 6.03 11.3 53.7 49.9 — — SYD-4 河流型 西北部 14.94 35.9 30.4 70.4 — — SYD-5 湖库型 西北部 2.4 7.4 9.2 14.3 — — SYD-6 湖库型 西北部 5.1 6.3 11.1 22.6 — — SYD-7 湖库型 中部 15.03 31.1 19.2 42.8 — — SYD-8 河流型 南部 17.2 36.4 101 116 — — WSCL-1 氧化沟 东部 35.18 — — — — 60000 WSCL-2 微曝氧化沟 南部 49.17 — — — — 40000 WSCL-3 人工湿地 东部 6.03 — — — — 30000 WSCL-4 改良氧化沟 西北部 14.94 — — — — 20000 ZZ-1 蔬菜 东部 — 54.5 — — 98049 — ZZ-2 水稻蔬果 东部 — 54.5 — — 98049 — ZZ-3 杨梅 西北部 — 35.8 — — 72703 — ZZ-4 水晶梨 西北部 — 35.8 — — 72703 — ZZ-5 水稻 中部 — 7.4 — — 16008 — ZZ-6 水稻蔬果 南部 — 31.1 — — 71369 — ZZ-7 水稻 南部 — 36.4 — — 52693 — ZZ-8 香蕉 西北部 — 36.4 — — 52693 — SCYZ-1 四大家鱼 东部 — — — — 331 30195 SCYZ-2 四大家鱼 东部 — — — — 331 30195 SCYZ-3 四大家鱼 西北部 — — — — 142 7378 SCYZ-4 鳗鱼、甲鱼 中部 — — — — 37 5149 SCYZ-5 鱼、虾 南部 — — — — 270 34342 表 2 研究选择的EDCs类化学品
Table 2. The EDCs have been selected for the study
中文全称 Chinese name 英文全称 English full name 化学式 Chemical Formula 简称 Abbreviation CAS 类型 Type 双酚A bisphenol-a C15H16O2 BPA 1980/5/7 外源雌激素 辛基酚 4-tert-octylphenol C14H22O 4-t-OP 140-66-9 壬基酚 4-nonylphenol C9H19C6H4OH 4-NP 104-40-5 天然雌激素 雌酮 estrone C18H22O2 E1 53-16-7 17-β-雌二醇 17-β-estradiol C18H24O2 E2 57-91-0 炔雌醇 17-α-ethinylestradiol C20H24O2 EE2 57-63-6 人工合成雌激素 已烯雌酚 diethylstilbestrol C18H20O2 DES 6898-97-1 代森锰锌 mancozeb C8H12MnN4S8Zn — 8018-01-7 杀菌剂 高氰戊菊酯 esfenvalerate C25H22ClNO3 — 66230-04-4 杀虫剂 氯氰菊酯 fenvalerate C25H22ClNO3 — 51630-58-1 表 3 加标回收率
Table 3. Recovery rate of spike
化合物 Compound 空白/(ng·L−1) Blank 检出限 Limits of detection 回收率/% Recovery 相对标准偏差/% RSD BPA 17.6 0.37 ng·L−1 89—94 (92) 3.0 4-t-OP n.d. 0.89 ng·L−1 122—139(129) 9.1 4-NP 43.4 0.30 ng·L−1 118—138(127) 10.2 E1 n.d. 1.10 ng·L−1 73—75(74) 0.8 E2 n.d. 3.92 ng·L−1 77—87(82) 4.8 EE2 n.d. 2.01 ng·L−1 71—76(73) 2.4 DES n.d. 1.75 ng·L−1 53—84 (73) 17.4 Mancozeb n.d. 10 mg·kg−1 93—102(94) 7.4 Esfenvalerate n.d. 0.1 μg·L−1 85—113(97) 14.5 Fenvalerate n.d. 0.1 μg·L−1 86—98(93) 5.8 注:n.d.表示未检出. n.d. means not detected. 表 4 EDCs类化学品的PNEC值
Table 4. The PNEC value of EDCs
表 5 各监测点位水样中EDCs浓度(ng·L−1)
Table 5. Concentration of EDCs in water samples of each monitoring site(ng·L−1)
化合物
Compound水源地(n=8)
Water sources农产品种植区(n=8)
Agricultural products planting水产养殖区(n=5)
Fishery污水处理厂(n=4)
Wastewater treatment plant平均
浓度
Mean检出率/%
Detection frequency浓度范围
Range平均浓度
Mean浓度范围
Range平均浓度
Mean浓度范围
Range平均浓度
Mean浓度范围
Range平均浓度
Mean双酚A 42—1385 465 43—794 401 88—360 206 33—416 259 360 100 雌酮 n.d. n.d. n.d.—3.79 1.06 n.d.—1.43 0.73 n.d.—3.90 1.65 0.92 52 辛基酚 n.d.—6.96 2.41 n.d.—7.17 3.03 n.d.—3.33 1.20 n.d. n.d. 2.05 20 壬基酚 149—574 343 194—637 397 250—892 471 54—614 317 382 100 注:n.d.表示未检出. n.d. means not detected. 表 6 EDCs生态风险水平
Table 6. Ecological risk of EDCs
化合物 Compound 东部(n=8) East 南部(n=6) South 西北部(n=8) Northwest 中部(n=3) Midsection 平均 Mean 双酚A 0.022—0.597(0.308) 0.059—0.924
(0.323)0.028—0.371
(0.128)0.028—0.427
(0.192)0.240 雌酮 n.d.—0.478
(0.220)n.d.—0.535
(0.287)n.d.—1.302
(0.458)n.d. 0.308 辛基酚 n.d.—0.036
(0.015)0.004—0.059
(0.031)0.004—0.024
(0.008)0.004—0.038
(0.015)0.017 壬基酚 0.048—0.797
(0.432)0.294—0.482
(0.355)0.133—0.334
(0.253)0.174—0.513(0.303) 0.341 总计 0.257—1.518
(0.976)0.584—1.501
(0.996)0.354—1.723
(0.848)0.389—1.161
(0.692)0.906 注:n.d.表示未检出. n.d. means not detected. -
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