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氯(胺)消毒是饮用水中消灭病原体微生物、保护水质安全的重要方式,但在消毒时原水中存在的有机或无机物会与消毒剂发生反应,产生了一系列对人类健康存在威胁的消毒副产物(DBPs)[1].自从饮用水中发现三卤甲烷(THMs)以后,卤乙酸(HAAs)、卤乙腈(HANs)、卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)、卤代乙酰胺(HAcAms)和亚硝胺(NAs)等一系列DBPs逐渐出现在人们的视野中[2-3].流行病学研究一致认为,饮用水中的DBPs与患膀胱癌风险以及其它不利健康影响之间存在潜在的关联[4-5].目前各国已经对THMs和HAAs等常规DBPs的浓度水平进行了规范控制,但细胞毒性和遗传毒性更高的N-DBPs如HANs、HNMs、HAcAms等却很少被纳入水质控制指标中[6-8].
HNMs在饮用水中常有检出,通常以μg·L−1水平存在[3, 9].我国在《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)中明确规定了THMs、二氯乙酸(DCAA)、三氯乙酸(TCAA)、溴酸盐等DBPs的限制标准,但对HNMs尚未作出限制要求[10].HNMs是一种新兴N-DBPs,主要包括一氯硝基甲烷(CNM)、二氯硝基甲烷(DCNM)、三氯硝基甲烷(TCNM)、一溴硝基甲烷(BNM)、二溴硝基甲烷(DBNM)、三溴硝基甲烷(TBNM)、一溴一氯硝基甲烷(BCNM)、一溴二氯硝基甲烷(BDCNM)和二溴一氯硝基甲烷(DBCNM),其中溴代硝基甲烷(尤其是DBNM)和溴氯硝基甲烷比氯代硝基甲烷具有更强的细胞毒性和遗传毒性[11-12].近年来,城市水源受藻类和污水中有机物等影响,导致水中HNMs浓度水平显著增大[13],造成水质安全隐患.本文简述了HNMs在水中分布特点、来源、毒性效应及毒性机制的研究进展,以期引起广大人群对HNMs的关注,为饮用水安全保障和HNMs控制提供科学参考依据.
饮用水中卤代硝基甲烷的分布特点、来源及毒性研究进展
Research progress on distribution characteristics, source and toxicity of halonitromethanes in drinking water
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摘要: 卤代硝基甲烷(HNMs)是饮用水消毒过程中常见的一类含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs),相比已受监管的消毒副产物(DBPs)具有更强的细胞毒性和遗传毒性.本文简述了HNMs在水中分布特点和来源,并从致突变性、细胞毒性、遗传毒性、致癌性等方面总结了其毒性效应和毒性机制,以期引起广大人群对HNMs的关注,为饮用水安全保障和HNMs控制提供科学参考依据.Abstract: Halonitromethanes(HNMs) are one group of nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) formed during the disinfection of drinking water, which have stronger cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this paper, the distribution characteristics in water and the source of HNMs were briefly introduced. The toxicological effect and mechanisms of HNMs were systematically summarized on the aspects of mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity to arouse the public's attention to HNMs. It will provide the appropriate scientific reference for drinking water safety and HNMs control.
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表 1 各国饮用水中HNMs分布水平
Table 1. Distribution levels of HNMs in drinking water in different countries
国家
Country成分
Composition浓度水平/(μg·L−1)
Concentration levels消毒工艺
Disinfection mode参考文献
References中值
Median最大值
Maximum中国 HNMs(9) 0.05 0.96 — [9] CNM 0.05 0.96 TCNM ND 0.28 TCNM 0.05 1.21 氯、臭氧+氯 [19] HNMs(9) 0.60 2.60 氯 [14] CNM ND 0.42 DCNM 0.03 0.09 BNM ND ND BCNM ND ND TCNM 0.37 0.94 BDCNM ND 0.01 DBNM 0.10 0.33 DBCNM ND ND TBNM ND 1.35 美国 HNMs(9) 1.00 10.00 氯/氯胺、氯+氯胺、臭氧+氯/氯胺、二氧化氯+氯/氯胺 [15] TCNM 0.20 2.00 TBNM ND 5.00 英国 HNMs(9) 0.20 3.60 氯/氯胺、臭氧+氯/氯胺、UV+氯 [16] CNM 1.30 3.50 BNM 0.20 0.50 BCNM 0.10 0.20 DCNM 0.30 0.30 英国 DBNM 0.10 0.30 氯/氯胺、臭氧+氯/氯胺、UV+氯 [16] TCNM 0.10 0.40 DBCNM 1.30 1.40 澳大利亚 HNMs(9) 0.69 0.97 氯 [17] ND,未检出. not detected. – 无数据.data not available.HNMs(9)为9种HNMs的总和. The sum of the 9 HNMs. 表 2 中国各地区饮用水中HNMs分布水平
Table 2. Distribution levels of HNMs in drinking water in different regions of China
地区
Region成分
Composition浓度水平/(μg·L−1)
Concentration levels消毒工艺
Disinfection mode参考文献
References中值
Median最大值
Maximum厦门 TCNM(丰水期/枯水期) 1.21/0.28 — 氯、臭氧+氯 [19] 哈尔滨 TCNM(丰水期/枯水期) 0.12/0.07 — 广州 TCNM ND — 深圳 TCNM 0.03 — 福州 TCNM ND — 成都 TCNM ND — 兰溪 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 1.35/0.33/0.41 1.37/0.38/0.45 氯 [14] 金华 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 0.78/0.28/0.24 0.94/0.31/0.36 武义 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 0.92/0.27/0.42 1.04/0.44/0.57 永康 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 2.56/0.75/0.77 2.62/0.98/0.78 东阳 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 2.02/0.67/0.57 2.08/0.71/0.91 义乌 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 1.42/0.63/0.55 1.75/0.67/0.72 浦江 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 1.49/0.47/0.44 1.50/0.47/0.45 磐安 HNMs(9)(夏季/冬季/春季) 1.42/0.61/0.54 1.45/0.63/0.59 ND,未检出. not detected. –,无数据. data not available. HNMs(9)为9种HNMs的总和. The sum of the 9 HNMs. 表 3 不同前体物的HNMs生成势
Table 3. HNMs formation potential in different precursors
前体物
PrecursorsHNMs生成势 /%
HNMs formation potential消毒工艺
Disinfection mode参考文献
References前体物
PrecursorsHNMs生成势/%
HNMs formation potential消毒工艺
Disinfection mode参考文献References 甘氨酸 8.56 臭氧+氯 [20] 梅尼小环藻 0.83 a 氯 [25] 0.08 氯 [23] 甲胺 0.12 UV+氯 [29] 0.04 氯胺 [23] 二甲胺 0.10 UV+氯 [29] 丙氨酸 0.06 臭氧+氯 [20] 聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵 0.05 UV+氯 [29] 0.02 氯 [20] 单乙醇胺 59 臭氧+氯 [32] 丝氨酸 0.19 臭氧+氯 [20] 双甘氨肽 0.06 臭氧+氯 [32] 0.05 氯 [23] 乙二胺 0.36 臭氧+氯 [32] ND 氯胺 [23] 苯胺 0.22 臭氧+氯 [32] 半胱氨酸 0.11 臭氧+氯 [20] 2/3/4-羟基苯胺 <0.1 臭氧+氯 [32] 0.04 氯 [20] 肌氨酸 51 臭氧+氯 [32] 天冬氨酸 0.08 臭氧+氯 [20] N-甲基乙醇胺 52 臭氧+氯 [32] 0.08 氯 [23] N-乙基甲基胺 29 臭氧+氯 [32] ND 氯胺 [23] N-甲基丙胺 53 臭氧+氯 [32] 0.02 UV+氯 [21] 二乙胺 0.09 臭氧+氯 [32] <0.01 氯 [21] <0.1 氯 [30] 谷氨酸 0.11 臭氧+氯 [20] ND 氯胺 [30] 0.05 氯 [20] 二乙醇胺 56 臭氧+氯 [32] 赖氨酸 0.58 臭氧+氯 [20] 三乙醇胺 3.4 臭氧+氯 [32] 0.07 氯 [23] 麻黄碱 80 臭氧+氯 [33] ND 氯胺 [23] 伪麻黄碱 83 臭氧+氯 [33] 组氨酸 0.03 臭氧+氯 [20] α-(甲氨甲基)苯甲醇 71 臭氧+氯 [33] 0.02 氯 [20] 苯肾上腺素 63 臭氧+氯 [33] 酪氨酸 0.1 氯 [23] 肾上腺素 34 臭氧+氯 [33] 0.06 氯胺 [23] N-甲基苯乙胺 37 臭氧+氯 [33] 蛋氨酸 0.12 氯 [23] 氟西汀 33 臭氧+氯 [33] 0.05 氯胺 [23] 舍曲林 10 臭氧+氯 [33] 色氨酸 0.3 氯 [23] 甲基苯丙胺 8.1 臭氧+氯 [33] 0.14 氯胺 [23] N-甲基-1-(3,4-亚甲二氧基苯基)-2-丁胺 2.5 臭氧+氯 [33] <0.01 氯 [22] 氨基葡萄糖 0.13 臭氧+氯 [20] 0.05 UV+氯 [22] 0.09 氯 [20] 天冬酰胺 0.11 氯 [23] 半乳糖胺 0.16 臭氧+氯 [20] 0.07 氯胺 [23] 0.05 氯 [20] 水华束丝藻 0.11 a 氯 [27] N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖 0.11 臭氧+氯 [20] 水华鱼腥藻 0.16 a 氯 [27] 0.08 氯 [20] 铜绿微囊藻 0.13 a 氯 [27] N-乙酰神经氨酸 0.22 臭氧+氯 [20] 0.8 a 氯 [25] 0.09 氯 [20] 星杆藻 0.24 a 氯 [27] 偶氮化合物 1—2.5 氯 [37] 硅藻 0.37 a 氯 [27] 嘌呤和嘧啶 <0.1 氯 [30, 38] ND,未检出. not detected.
a 藻类有机物HNMs生成势单位以μg·mg-1 C计. a AOM HNMs formation potential is calculated in μg·mg-1 C.表 4 DBPs的沙门氏菌致突变力、细胞毒性以及CHO细胞毒性、遗传毒性表
Table 4. DBPs-Induced Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity in Salmonella and Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in CHO Cells
沙门氏菌致突变力
(-S9/+S9)/(rev·μmol−1)
Salmonella
mutagenic potency(-S9/+S9)沙门氏菌最小细胞毒性浓度或半致死浓度/(mol·L−1)
Salmonella Lowest
Cytotoxicity Conc or LC50CHO细胞半致死浓度/(mol·L−1)
CHO cells LC50CHO细胞遗传毒性效力a/(mol·L−1)
CHO cells genotoxic potency a参考文献
ReferencesBNM 347.45/964.25 >0.29 μmol·plate−1 7.06 × 10−6 1.36 × 10−4 [11] CNM 718.7/691.65 1.84 μmol·plate−1 5.29 × 10−4 2.15 × 10−3 [11] DBNM NS/712.7 0.14 μmol·plate−1 6.09 × 10−6 2.62 × 10−5 [11] DCNM NS/266.95 3.39 μmol·plate−1 3.73 × 10−4 4.21 × 10−4 [11] BCNM NS/1804 0.49 μmol·plate−1 4.05 × 10−5 1.65 × 10−4 [11] TBNM NS/1907 0.1 μmol·plate−1 8.57 × 10−6 6.99 × 10−5 [11] TCNM NS/238.9 0.65 μmol·plate−1 5.36 × 10−4 9.34 × 10−5 [11] BDCNM NS/727.75 0.47 μmol·plate−1 1.32 × 10−5 6.32 × 10−5 [11] DBCNM NS/2937.5 0.07 μmol·plate−1 6.88 × 10−6 1.43 × 10−4 [11] BAA 6588/2642 5.22×10−4 mol·L−1 8.90 × 10−6 1.70 × 10−5 [56-57] CAA 44/63 1.62×10−2 mol·L−1 9.44 × 10−4 4.11 × 10−4 [56-57] DBAA 183/165 1.54×10−2 mol·L−1 5.00 × 10−4 1.76 × 10−3 [56-57] DCAA 36/13 7.42×10−2 mol·L−1 1.15 × 10−2 NA [56-57] TBAA NS 2.02×10−2 mol·L−1 1.00 × 10−3 2.46 × 10−3 [56-57] TCAA NS 4.25×10−2 mol·L−1 1.75 × 10−2 NA [56-57] TBM NS 4.12 μmol·plate−1 3.96 × 10−3 NA [11-12] DBCM NS 7.20 μmol·plate−1 5.36 × 10−3 NA [11-12] TCM NS 12.57 μmol·plate−1 9.62 × 10−3 NA [11-12] BDCM NS 6.01 μmol·plate−1 1.15 × 10−2 NA [11-12] 溴酸钾 NA 4.54×10−1 mol·L−1 9.63 × 10−5 7.20 × 10−3 [56-57] EMS 349/NA 3.72×10−2 mol·L−1 4.25 × 10−3 6.06 × 10−3 [56-57] NS,与负控制组相比没有统计学意义. NS, not significantly different from the negative control. NA,暂无数据. NA, not applicable or data not available.a CHO细胞遗传毒性效力以CHO细胞50%彗尾DNA值或尾矩中值计. a The CHO cells genotoxic potency is calculated on the CHO cells 50% TDNA or midpoint of Tail moment. -
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