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随着工业化和城市化的加快,土壤环境也不断在恶化,尤其是土壤重金属的污染,已然成为了一个严重影响人体健康和环境安全的问题[1-2]。根据2014年环保部和国土资源部联合发布的《全国土壤污染状况公报》,我国土壤总的超标率为16.1%,其中无机物污染超标则占到了82.8%,无机物污染主要以重金属污染为主,尤其是在我国中南部地区[3]。例如,研究显示,湖南省东部86%的稻田均受到重金属Cd的污染[4]。如何修复土壤重金属污染,保障粮食作物安全生产,是当前土壤及环境领域的研究热点和难点。
目前,用于土壤重金属污染修复的方法包括化学沉淀法、氧化还原法、离子交换法、膜分离法、电化学法和吸附法等[5]。相对于其他方法,吸附法因其操作简单、效率高、成本低等优势而被广泛应用[6-7]。而在众多吸附剂中(沸石、黏土矿物、铁锰氧化物等),近年兴起的生物质炭因其含有丰富的官能团和较高的比表面积等原因对重金属展现出较好的吸附性能,可有效降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性和迁移性[8]。与活性炭相比,生物质炭一般是在较低温度下热解制备而成,其制备原材料来源广泛,锯末、秸秆、果壳等廉价而丰富的农林废弃物均可作为制备原材料[9]。而以木材和煤为主要制备原材料的活性炭通常是通过在较高温度炭化后,再经过高温或化学手段活化而成,制备原材料较单一且来源有限[10]。因此,生物质炭的制备成本显著低于活性炭,可为农林废弃物资源再生利用提供一条新的途径。同时,生物质炭含有丰富的有机碳,可作为一种土壤改良剂[11],增加土壤中有机质的含量。尽管生物质炭孔隙结构相比活性炭要小,吸附能力也通常要弱于活性炭,但可通过一些改性手段来提升其吸附性能。目前,改性生物质炭的强大性能已经在实验室中得到有力的论证,在学术界受到普遍重视,将很快被广泛应用到实际生产和生活中。例如,Liu等[12]采用纳米零价铁作为改性剂,发现改性生物质炭比原始生物质炭对重金属Cd的去除率高出了约45%。Han等[13]发现,经NaOH处理后的生物质炭对U (Ⅵ)的吸附性能提高了5倍。面对愈发严峻的土壤重金属污染形势,人工改性势必是生物质炭研究未来发展的重点方向。
本文对原始生物质炭的制备和基本性质、改性对生物质炭的影响及其对吸附土壤重金属和土壤重金属生物有效性的影响进行了系统概述,并根据当前的研究现状,提出了改性生物质炭在土壤重金属污染修复方面的知识空缺及未来发展趋势。
改性生物质炭钝化修复土壤重金属污染的研究进展
Review on the remediation of heavy metal contaminatedsoil using modified biochar
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摘要: 我国土壤重金属污染形势严峻,已对粮食安全构成威胁。以生物质废弃物资源化利用为基础所制备的生物质炭,因其廉价和高吸附性能等特点,被广泛用于土壤中重金属的钝化。本文基于生物质炭在土壤重金属污染修复方面的研究进展,系统概述了生物质炭的制备和性质以及不同改性方式对生物质炭结构特征的影响,探讨了改性处理在强化生物质炭吸附重金属性能上的效果,并客观分析了改性生物质炭对土壤重金属生物有效性的影响机制。根据当前的研究现状,总结了未来研究的重点,包括建立生物质炭结构特征与其吸附固化土壤重金属能力间的定量构效关系,引入土壤重金属生物有效性的原位分析方法,开展长期的田间试验,关注改性剂的经济成本和潜在环境风险,力图为面向土壤重金属污染修复的改性生物质炭设计和科学应用提供科学依据。Abstract: The increasingly severe pollution of heavy metal in soils in China has posed a threat to food security. Biochar developed towards the resource utilization of biomass waste is cost-effective and shows high performance in heavy metal immobilization. Thus, biochar has been widely applied in the passivation of heavy metals in soils. Based on current research on the application of biochar in the remediation of heavy metal in soils, this review summarized the preparation and properties of biochar as well as the influence of different modifications on the characteristics of biochar, discussed the effect of modification on the performance of biochar in adsorbing heavy metals, analyzed the mechanisms underlying the effect of modified biochar on heavy metal bioavailability in soils. Finally, based on the shortcomings in current studies, the key points for future research are proposed as follows: develop the quantitative structure-activity relationship between the structural characteristic of biochar and its ability to adsorb heavy metal in soils; introduce the in-situ analysis technique of the bioavailability of heavy metals in soils; conduct the long-term field trials; focus on the economic cost and potential environmental risk of the modified biochar. These would provide the scientific basis for the design and scientific application of modified biochar in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- modified biochar /
- sorption /
- bioavailability
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表 1 典型生物质的特性( 质量分数,%)
Table 1. Characteristics of typical biomass
生物质
Biomass水分
Water content挥发分
Volatile matter固定碳
Fixed carbon灰分
Ash纤维素
Cellulose半纤维素
Hemicellulose木质素
Lignin参考文献
Reference传统类 棕榈仁壳 4.5 63.0 24.9 7.5 14.2 27.5 58.3 [17] 空果串 3.5 72.9 12.6 11.1 38.5 24.2 37.3 [17] 棕榈油污泥 5.7 28.2 23.2 43.0 34.7 35.3 30.0 [17] 玉米秸秆 7.9 73.0 25.5 1.5 29.0 41.2 22.4 [19] 玉米壳 6.7 74.2 22.8 3.0 44.4 41.4 2.1 [19] 玉米叶 7.7 67.8 22.7 9.5 22.3 34.3 18.4 [19] 蓖麻渣 11.1 74.3 9.2 5.4 38.4 22.4 20.2 [20] 香蕉树干 6.7 74.3 7.3 11.7 0.8—41.4 6.0—25.0 5.0—37.3 [21] 甘蔗蔗渣 49.5 83.5 14.3 2.2 23.1 18.8 11.4 [22] 牛粪 70—80 12.1 17.3 15.7 25.4 22.9 8.2 [23] 橄榄果渣 9.9 79.0 7.3 3.8 12.5 22.3 43.2 [24] 银合欢树皮 4.9 69.8 18.1 7.2 30.9 15.0 34.8 [25] 盖氏虎尾草 7.8 66.5 11.0 14.7 20.7 20.6 25.2 [26] 枣椰 6.2 69.9 20.9 2.9 31.3 23.0 15.6 [26] 小球藻 13.7 68.4 10.1 7.8 [27] 枝角菌 5.9 64.1 16.7 13.3 [27] 小绿藻 5.0 79.7 10.6 5.0 [27] 根枝藻 11.2 75.5 16.5 8.0 [27] 厚皮刺果松 14.0 50.7 10.0 0.6 [28] 焦糖树 10.5 55.1 9.0 0.8 [28] 柳枝稷 13.8 51.4 9.5 1.4 [28] 黄杨树 10.1 52.3 7.4 0.6 [28] 山毛榉 10.2 54.0 10.6 0.5 [28] 树皮 10.0 68.9 16.2 4.9 [29] 城市污泥 9.2 56.2 9.1 25.5 [30] 非传统类 汽车废轮胎 0.8—1.4 62.2—66.1 27.5—32.0 4.2—7.1 [31] 骨头渣 4.8 42.9 3.4 57.8 [32] 表 2 不同改性方法对生物质炭吸附不同重金属的效果影响
Table 2. Effect of different modification methods on adsorption of heavy metals by biochar
原料
Feedstock热解温度/℃
Pyrolysis temperature改性处理
Modification重金属
Heavy metal影响
Impact参考文献
Reference松木 600 MnCl2·4H2O浸渍 As5+ 初始吸附速率提高了72.3倍 [70] 松木 600 MnCl2·4H2O浸渍 Pb2+ 初始吸附速率提高了18.3倍 [70] 松木 600 双锰矿浸渍 As5+ 初始吸附速率提高了2.5倍 [70] 松木 600 双锰矿浸渍 Pb2+ 初始吸附速率提高了41.3倍 [70] 松木 600 赤铁矿浸渍 As5+ 吸附量增加了2.0倍 [60] 坚果壳 600 氧化铁浸渍 Cd2+ 吸附量增加了10.0倍 [76] 坚果壳 600 氧化铁浸渍 Pb2+ 无显著影响 [76] 稻壳 400 ZnS纳米结晶 Pb2+ 吸附能力增强了10.0倍 [77] 稻壳 500 聚乙烯亚胺 Cr6+ 吸附能力增强了18.0倍 [78] 花生壳 350、600 H2O2 Pb2+ 吸附能力增强了20.0倍 [79] 花生壳 600—900 CO2蒸汽 Cd2+ 吸附能力增强了2.0倍 [80] 香蕉皮 500 H3PO4 Pb2+ 吸附能力增强了2.0倍 [80] 木屑 500 H2SO4+HNO3 Cu2+ 吸附能力增强了8.0倍 [81] 木屑 500 Na2SO4 Cu2+ 吸附能力增强了5.0倍 [81] 芒草 500 H2O2 Zn2+ 吸附能力增强了5.0倍 [70] -
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