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水生植物,尤其是沉水植物,作为湖泊生态系统的初级生产力,在湖泊生态系统结构和功能以及生物多样性维持等方面具有举足轻重的作用[1-6]。对于沉水植物而言,整个植株均处于水面以下,其茎叶等体表往往附着大量的藻类、微生物、菌胶团、泥沙和碎屑等各种物质[7-11],并形成特殊的生物-水微界面[12]。
现已证实,生物-水界面是淡水生态系统中普遍存在的微界面,也是影响污染物迁移转换的最基本要素之一,该微界面的存在一方面直接阻抑了植物茎叶与水体之间的气体交换,对植物自身光合作用等生理过程产生直接影响,并间接影响植物的代谢产物,导致微界面溶解氧、氧化还原电位、酸解度等呈现梯度变化[12];另一方面,沉水植物光合作用产生的氧气通过茎叶表面散逸到水体,在植物茎叶等体表形成好氧富氧区[13],而茎叶附着层内富集的有机质分解耗氧又将导致茎叶表面呈现厌氧及缺氧生境的交替[14-15],进而使得茎叶微界面存在相互分异又密切联系的氧化-还原异质环境[16-17]。这一微生境将为好氧氨氧化和厌氧氨氧化微生物提供适宜生境,并将对微界面内氮素的生物地球化学循环过程产生重要影响。可见,茎叶微界面是控制和调节生物与水体之间物质输送与交换的重要途径,也是影响淡水生态系统碳氮磷等元素转化的关键界面,对淡水生态系统物质循环以及水环境质量的改善具有重要影响[11]。
目前,关于茎叶微界面的研究主要集中在植物体表覆植藻类[18]、覆植生物群落[10, 19-22]、茎叶微界面O2等理化因子梯度变化[23]以及茎叶附着物对植物生长发育的影响[24-26]等方面。茎叶附着物作为微生物生存的重要底物,其成分及含量的差异将直接对微生物驱动的碳氮磷等元素生物地球化学循环过程产生重要影响。
本研究在江苏省镇江市选择4个湖泊,通过为期3个月的野外采样,结合实验室分析,对沉水植物金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)以及眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)体表附着物干重、碳氮磷元素含量及其比值进行研究,力求获得附着物重量及元素含量随植物生境及生长阶段的变化过程,从而为深入了解沉水植物与茎叶附着物之间的相互关系提供数据支撑。
沉水植物体表附着物重量及碳氮磷元素含量特征分析
Characterization of dry weight and elements contents of biofilms attached on aquatic macrophytes and non-living substrates surface
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摘要: 沉水植物在淡水水域生态系统结构、功能以及多样性维持中发挥着重要的作用,其茎叶等体表是水体污染物附着及营养元素迁移转换的关键微界面区域之一。本研究选择4个野外湖泊,通过为期3个月的野外采样结合实验室分析,对金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)及眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus)体表附着物重量及碳氮磷元素含量进行了调查与分析。结果表明,镜湖、图书馆、南山以及白娘子园水域水生植物附着物干重含量介于79.36—283.12、31.72—111.89、50.07—150.33、51.02—219.61 g·kg−1之间。附着物干重在不同采样点位及不同采样时间上均存在显著差异(P<0.05),该差异主要受植物生存生境水体理化因子以及植物生长发育的双重影响,且生境对附着物干重的影响较为复杂;此外,金鱼藻茎叶附着物干重大于眼子菜,这与两个物种自身形态的差异有关;镜湖、图书馆、南山、白娘子园水域植物附着物TN平均值分别为1.49、4.75、4.24、3.90 g·kg−1;TOC平均含量为20.59、60.00、48.47、97.58 g·kg−1;TP平均含量则为0.09、0.47、0.41、0.49 g·kg−1,植物体表附着物碳氮磷元素含量的差异主要受植物物种差异的影响,而同一物种的差异可能受植物生存生境理化因子以及植物生长阶段等的多重影响;4个水域非生命体附着物TN在图书馆、南山、白娘子园的3个水域表现为植物>非生命体;此外,水生植物与非生命体附着物TOC含量在镜湖、南山、白娘子园的3个水域无显著差异(P>0.05);TP含量则在4个湖泊水域无显著差异(P>0.05);与水生植物等生命介质相比,非生命体主要通过提供附着载体对附着物种类、元素含量以及比值等产生影响,故非生命体材质、成分、形态等物理因素的差异可能是影响附着物含量及成分差异的关键因素。Abstract: As one of the most important interfaces in shallow lakes, the submerged macrophyte-water boundary layer plays an important role in structure, function and diversity maintenance and biogeochemical cycling of freshwater ecosystem. The stem and leaf surfaces of submerged macrophytes provide the accessible substrates surface area and available nutrients for periphyton, and therefore forms a special bio-water boundary layer. In this study, dry weight and carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in epiphytic biofilms attached on leaves, stems and roots of aquatic macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus) and non-living substrates surface were investigated from four natural lakes for three months. The results showed that: 1) the dry weight of in epiphytic biofilms attached aquatic macrophytes surfaces was 79.36—283.12 g·kg−1 for Jinhu, 31.72—111.89 g·kg−1 for Tushuguan, 50.07—150.33 g·kg−1 for Nanshan and 51.02—219.61 g·kg−1 for Bainiangzi park, respectively, which was significantly difference at four different sampling sites (P<0.05) and at three sampling times (P<0.05). Plant species and growing stages were the main biotic factors to affect the dry weight in epiphytic biofilms attached on aquatic macrophytes and non-living surface. In addition, the day weight was higher in Ceratophyllum demersum surface than in Potamogeton pectinatus surface, which was related to the differences in the morphology of these two species. The TN average content was 1.49, 4.75, 4.24 and 3.90 g·kg−1; TOC average content was 20.59, 60.00, 48.47 and 97.58 g·kg−1, respectively; TP average content was 0.09, 0.47, 0.42 and 0.49 g·kg−1, respectively, on Jinghu, Tushuguan, Nanshan and Bainiangzi park, respectively. The difference of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus contents on Potamogeton pectinatus and Ceratophyllum demersum surface might be effect by species differences, whereas, the differences of the same species may be affected by the physical and chemical factors as well as habitats and plant growth stage; The TN contents were higher on plant surface than in non-living substrates surface for Tushuguan, Nanshan and Bainiangzi park, respectively. In addition, no significant difference for TOC content were observed between aquatic plants and non-living substrates in Jinghu Lake, Nanshan and Bainiangzi park (P>0.05) and no significant difference for TP content were observed among four lakes (P>0.05). Compared with aquatic plants, non-living substrates mainly influence the element content and their ratio of the attachments by providing attachment carriers. Therefore, differences in the material, composition and morphology of non-living substrates may be the key factors affecting the content and composition of the attachments.
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Key words:
- submerged macrophytes /
- stem and leaf /
- epiphytic biofilms /
- nutrients /
- dry weight
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表 1 水生植物附着物元素含量与水体理化指标的相关性分析
Table 1. Correlation analysis of element contents of attached to the surfaces of aquatic macrophytes and physicochemical indexes of water quality
点位
Site水体附着物Water attachment 水体理化指标Physical and chemical indexes of water quality TN ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+}{\text{-N}}$ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} {\text{-N}}$ ${\rm{NO}}_2^{-}{\text{-N}} $ TP TOC COD pH DO 温度Temperature C/N N/P 镜湖 Dry weight 0.793 −0.654 −0.617 −0.237 0.131 −0.413 −0.881* −0.124 −0.601 0.873* −0.834* 0.714 TN −0.788 0.562 0.618 0.12 −0.179 0.432 0.935** −0.015 0.588 −0.880* 0.804 −0.625 TP 0.157 0.279 −0.735 −0.124 0.892* 0.923** 0.384 −0.796 −0.749 0.4 0.132 −0.564 TOC −0.286 −0.147 0.782 0.124 −0.915* −0.855* −0.278 0.805 0.767 −0.472 −0.07 0.473 C/N 0.377 −0.487 0.108 0.07 −0.49 −0.916* −0.865* 0.614 0.125 0.298 −0.642 0.761 N/P −0.411 −0.13 0.927** 0.122 −0.930** −0.724 −0.013 0.693 0.935** −0.705 0.157 0.359 图书馆 Dry weight 0.196 −0.74 −0.169 0.221 0.194 −0.659 −0.103 −0.149 0.548 0.795 −0.77 0.282 TN −0.04 0.419 0.279 −0.52 −0.27 0.542 0.328 0.068 −0.522 −0.708 0.5 −0.038 TP −0.302 0.602 0.647 −0.156 −0.402 0.16 −0.22 −0.109 −0.891* −0.35 0.333 −0.168 TOC −0.125 0.614 0.064 −0.308 −0.232 0.696 0.196 0.141 −0.449 −0.853* 0.717 −0.135 C/N 0.174 −0.519 −0.634 0.299 0.299 −0.239 0.002 0.023 0.825* 0.392 −0.336 0.201 N/P 0.383 −0.55 −0.793 −0.327 0.31 0.276 0.687 0.169 0.960** −0.169 −0.005 0.311 南山 Dry weight −0.656 −0.155 −0.850* −0.453 0.304 0.135 0.852* −0.588 −0.868* 0.930** 0.494 −0.59 TN 0.548 0.011 0.716 0.19 −0.46 −0.415 −0.955** 0.421 0.72 −0.823* −0.681 0.608 TP 0.187 −0.253 0.126 −0.433 −0.476 −0.883* −0.857* −0.165 0.106 −0.264 −0.902* 0.391 TOC 0.117 0.234 0.498 0.261 −0.036 −0.349 −0.885* 0.413 0.652 −0.7 −0.391 0.105 C/N −0.288 0.192 0.052 −0.028 0.185 −0.515 −0.724 0.091 0.26 −0.301 −0.321 −0.27 N/P 0.667 0.128 0.927** 0.656 −0.239 0.096 −0.697 0.806 0.968** −0.985** −0.307 0.552 白娘子 Dry weight 0.049 0.058 −0.789 0.155 −0.45 0.1 0.729 0.377 −0.296 0.778 0.26 0.346 TN −0.267 −0.349 0.801 0.005 0.555 −0.401 −0.497 −0.15 0.575 −0.928** −0.275 −0.497 TP 0.182 0.169 0.758 −0.219 0.264 0.16 −0.882* −0.57 0.053 −0.595 −0.292 −0.123 TOC −0.28 −0.417 0.796 −0.011 0.48 −0.455 −0.454 −0.14 0.627 −0.955** −0.319 −0.473 C/N −0.247 −0.409 0.788 −0.058 0.401 −0.431 −0.473 −0.176 0.608 −0.945** −0.343 −0.423 N/P −0.866* −0.855* −0.142 0.259 0.479 −0.914* 0.765 0.848* 0.823* −0.459 0.242 −0.686 *在0.05水平相关性显著;**在0.01水平相关性显著
*indicate significant level at P<0.05 level; **indicate significant level at P<0.01 level, respectively.表 2 非生命体附着物元素含量与水体理化指标的相关性分析
Table 2. Correlation analysis of element contents of attached to the surfaces of non-living and physicochemical indexes of water quality
点位
Site水体附着物
Water
attachment水体理化指标Physical and chemical indexes of water quality TN ${\rm{NH}}_4^{+}{\text{-N}} $ ${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} {\text{-N}} $ ${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} {\text{-N}} $ TP TOC COD pH DO 温度Temperature C/N N/P 镜湖 Dry weight 0.024 0.099 0.940** 0.209 0.64 −0.082 −0.629 −0.47 −0.930** 0.972** −0.06 −0.215 TN −0.264 −0.336 −0.909* −0.158 −0.67 0.407 0.811 0.346 0.79 −0.983** 0.325 0.001 TP −0.405 −0.507 −0.897* −0.086 −0.598 0.519 0.911* 0.257 0.686 −0.951** 0.476 −0.168 TOC −0.355 −0.446 −0.908* −0.121 −0.629 0.468 0.880* 0.287 0.734 −0.970** 0.418 −0.107 C/N −0.5 −0.591 −0.895* −0.007 −0.488 0.485 0.926** 0.14 0.636 −0.910* 0.543 −0.294 N/P 0.753 0.922** 0.382 −0.467 −0.049 −0.960** −0.805 0.138 0.181 0.31 −0.939** 0.749 图书馆 Dry weight 0.575 −0.615 −0.142 −0.121 −0.934** 0.451 −0.135 −0.096 −0.18 0.955** −0.227 0.732 TN 0.947** −0.133 0.027 0.395 −0.558 0.835* −0.491 0.057 −0.535 0.762 −0.582 0.989** TP 0.005 −0.461 −0.528 −0.445 −0.757 −0.389 0.499 0.295 0.634 0.685 −0.09 0.178 TOC −0.774 0.048 −0.491 −0.1 0.402 −0.906* 0.781 0.231 0.6 −0.654 0.312 −0.796 C/N −0.961** 0.049 −0.306 −0.223 0.202 −0.859* 0.74 −0.349 0.66 −0.516 0.815* −0.877* N/P 0.836* 0.164 0.301 0.64 −0.049 0.955** −0.702 −0.111 −0.833* 0.267 −0.47 0.774 南山 Dry weight 0.338 −0.376 −0.973** −0.182 0.119 0.774 0.056 −0.395 −0.971** 0.889* −0.139 0.355 TN 0.6 −0.274 −0.857* 0.101 0.161 0.954** −0.441 −0.393 −0.877* 0.552 −0.373 0.617 TP 0.212 0.209 0.745 0.46 0.136 −0.223 −0.655 0.363 0.698 −0.973** −0.331 0.16 TOC 0.256 0.154 0.726 0.34 0.134 −0.227 −0.6 0.36 0.687 −0.959** −0.337 0.2 C/N 0.147 0.136 0.813* 0.243 0.124 −0.384 −0.433 0.437 0.778 −0.962** −0.265 0.084 N/P 0.399 −0.353 −0.977** −0.151 0.106 0.829* −0.039 −0.421 −0.976** 0.843* −0.177 0.423 白娘子 Dry weight 0.664 0.56 0.544 0.166 0.383 0.852* −0.795 −0.922** −0.589 0.165 0.021 0.285 TN −0.691 0.056 −0.952** 0.293 0.267 0.002 −0.167 0.322 0.948** −0.952** 0.619 −0.787 TP −0.706 −0.524 −0.643 −0.043 −0.246 −0.814* 0.694 0.928** 0.707 −0.287 0.039 −0.438 TOC −0.739 −0.566 −0.741 −0.194 −0.31 −0.637 0.655 0.77 0.721 −0.394 0.233 −0.414 C/N 0.762 0.217 0.941** −0.245 −0.164 0.353 −0.154 −0.626 −0.982** 0.781 −0.424 0.801 N/P −0.481 0.298 −0.840* 0.346 0.446 0.364 −0.508 −0.038 0.805 −0.996** 0.69 −0.732 *在0.05水平相关性显著;**在0.01水平相关性显著.
*indicate significant level at P<0.05 level; **indicate significant level at P<0.01 level, respectively. -
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