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有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)作为一种常见的持久性有机污染物,具有高毒性、持久性、半挥发性和生物累积性,对人类健康和环境具有潜在的严重危害[1]。OCPs自合成以来,以其成本低、见效快、使用方便等特点,在农业生产方面被迅速推广应用,30多年来,中国DDTs和HCHs的总产量分别约为40多万t和490多万t[2]。尽管我国在20 世纪80年代开始停用DDTs、HCHs等有机氯农药,但大量研究表明,至今我国大部分地区土壤中仍然检测出相当浓度的OCPs[3-5]。OCPs可通过全球分馏效应和高山冷凝结效应随大气长距离传输迁移至温度较低的高纬度、高海拔等偏远地区[6],经干湿沉降在偏远地区的环境介质中富集,在我国不同高山地区如罗浮山、南岭、长白山、卧龙巴郎山[7-10]都有相当浓度的OCPs被检出,因此研究偏远地区生态系统中OCPs的分布特征对于认识OCPs的全球迁移规律和潜在生态风险具有十分重要的意义。近年关于我国陆地生态系统中OCPs分布特征的报道越来越多[11-14],研究的热点区域主要集中在青藏高原、东北沈抚、湖北和黄海、东海等邻近海域沉积带和高山高海拔地区。位于内蒙古境内的大兴安岭南麓地区是我国北方草原向森林过度的重要生态带,其特殊的地理位置和环境特征很有可能会成为OCPs沉降的一个“汇”。然而,目前关于OCPs在内蒙古林草结合带不同环境介质中的分布特征和潜在的风险评价鲜有报道。
本研究以内蒙古自治区境内大兴安岭南麓的林草结合带为研究对象,采集该区域内土壤、凋落物和树皮等环境样品,分析不同环境介质中OCPs的含量、组成特征,并对其进行达标评价和生态风险评价,揭示内蒙古林草交错带OCPs的分布特征及潜在的环境风险。研究结果为深入认识典型POPs的全球迁移规律和潜在生态风险提供重要的科学依据。
内蒙古林草交错带有机氯农药的多介质分布特征及风险评价
Multi-medium distribution characteristics and risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides in forest-grass ecotone in Inner Mongolia
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摘要: 本研究采集了内蒙古林草交错带土壤、凋落物和树皮等环境样品,通过对样品中有机氯农药(OCPs)含量进行测定,分析其残留特征、可能来源及潜在的生态风险。研究结果表明,研究区内土壤中ΣOCPs浓度为7.07—435.80 ng·g−1dw,平均值为85.22 ng·g−1dw;凋落物中ΣOCPs浓度为7.52—35.48 ng·g−1dw,平均值为21.52 ng·g−1dw;活树皮中ΣOCPs浓度为0.99—13.19 ng·g−1dw,平均值为8.11 ng·g−1dw;死树皮中ΣOCPs浓度为5.75—38.89 ng·g−1dw,平均值为12.11 ng·g−1dw。不同环境介质中的OCPs以异狄氏剂醛、硫丹硫酸酯、HCHs、DDTs为主。不同土地利用类型下,土壤中OCPs的含量差异较大,农业用地、森林土壤中含量较高,边缘草地土壤中较低。来源分析表明,HCHs的主要来源于林丹的输入,DDT主要来源于外界新污染物的输入。研究区内土壤中HCHs和DDTs总量分别在1.73—66.92 ng·g−1 dw和1.62—55.84 ng·g−1 dw范围内,均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。生态风险评价结果显示土壤 HCHs 残留属于低风险,DDTs 类有机氯农药对研究区生物可能存在一定的生态风险,但危害性总体较低。Abstract: In this study, environmental samples of soil, litter and bark were collected from the forest-grass ecotone in Inner Mongolia. The content of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the samples was determined and their residue characteristics, possible sources and potential ecological risks were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of ΣOCPs in soil ranged from 7.07 ng·g−1dw to 435.80 ng·g−1dw, with a mean value of 85.22 ng·g−1dw; the concentrations of ΣOCPs in litter ranged from 7.52 ng·g−1dw to 35.48 ng·g−1dw, with a mean value of 21.52 ng·g−1dw; ΣOCPs concentrations in living bark ranged from 0.99 ng·g−1dw to 13.19 ng·g−1dw, with an average of 8.11ng·g−1dw. ΣOCPs concentrations in the dead bark ranged from 5.75 ng·g−1dw to 38.89 ng·g−1dw, with an average of 12.11 ng·g−1dw. OCPs in different environmental media were dominated by endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulfate, HCHs, and DDTs. The content of OCPs in soils varied widely among land use types, with higher levels in agricultural land and forest soils and lower levels in marginal grassland soils. Source analysis showed that the main source of HCHs in the environmental media of the study area was the input of lindane, and the main source of DDT was the input of new external pollutants. The total amount of HCHs and DDTs in the soil in the study area ranged from 1.73 ng·g−1dw to 66.92 ng·g−1 dw and 1.62 ng·g−1dw to 55.84 ng·g−1 dw, respectively, which were lower than the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land. The results of the ecological risk evaluation showed that the residues of HCHs in soil were of low risk, while the DDTs might have some ecological risk to organisms in the study area, but the harm was generally low.
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Key words:
- forest-grass ecozone /
- OCPs /
- multi-medium /
- distribution /
- risk assessment
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表 1 国内不同土壤中OCPs的含量(ng·g−1 dw)
Table 1. Concentration of OCPs in different soil of the inland(ng·g−1 dw)
表 2 国内外不同树皮中OCPs的含量(ng· g−1 dw)
Table 2. Different content of OCPs in bark at home and abroad(ng· g−1 dw)
表 3 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值(ng· g−1 dw)
Table 3. Risk screening value of soil pollution in agricultural land(ng· g−1 dw)
序号
Number污染物项目
Pollutant project风险筛选值[33]
Risk screening value本研究
This study1 ΣHCHs 100 1.73—66.92 2 ΣDDTs 100 1.62—55.84 -
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