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工业时代以来,大气污染就成为全球最为关注的环境问题之一[1]。大气污染不仅阻碍区域经济的发展,而且对生态环境和居民健康产生各种负面影响[2]。高浓度的大气污染物对人体各类器官产生不良影响[3],导致呼吸道、心血管等病症[1],甚至引发癌症等重型疾病[4],每年全球都会有大量人员因此死亡[5]。尽管近年来空气质量有明显改善的趋势,但短期内空气迅速恶化的事件却时有发生,其中,以传统节日期间燃放烟花爆竹所引起的大气污染物浓度骤升现象最为频繁,且影响范围广大。相较于工业和交通等污染源的持续性与稳定性[1,4,6],燃放烟花爆竹所造成的污染具有短时效性、间断性和集中性[7]。实际上,用烟花爆竹庆祝大型节日活动在世界范围内普遍存在,如:印度的迪帕瓦里节[8]、伊朗的察哈尔—山贝苏里文化节[2]、荷兰的新年之夜[5,9-11]、美国的独立日庆典[12-14]、马尔他群岛[15]和意大利[16]的节日庆祝活动等。因此,学术界对其关注度也越来越高[7,17-20]。
烟花爆竹作为中国庆祝春节的传统习俗已经延续了一千多年[21-23],河南作为中华民族起源与繁荣发展的核心区域,烟花爆竹的燃放历史更是悠久绵长,也是目前典型的烟花爆竹燃放区。爆竹的主要成分是黑火药[30],包含硫磺粉(S)、硝酸钾(KNO3)、木炭粉(C),有的还包含氯酸钾(KClO3),制作烟花时还要加入无机盐和镁粉(Mg)等[13, 30-32]。因此,烟花爆竹的大量燃放会导致SO2等气态污染物和PM等颗粒污染物[33]、重金属[18]及有毒物质[34]等的浓度在短期内迅速上升。近些年来,为了解决春节期间的大气污染问题,政府接连出台了一系列禁燃、禁放、禁售政策,也逐渐得到了居民的认可[21]。关于节日期间烟花爆竹燃放引起的短期大气污染事件,学术界同样进行了深入研究。就国外而言,印度排灯节期间[24-25]大规模烟花活动导致空气质量在短期内迅速恶化,PM颗粒污染物和SO2、NO等气态污染物浓度骤升;荷兰新年期间[9-11],颗粒物和气溶胶的浓度显著升高,还发现烟花事件、PM10浓度和每日死亡率之间存在一定的正相关关系;美国圣诞节[13]和独立日[14]烟花燃放量的升高致使PM2.5和PM10浓度显著高于节日前。我国关于烟花爆竹燃放与空气污染的研究,主要集中在北京[7,26]、南京[6,27]、上海[28]、武汉[29]、成都[30]、广州[31]、海口[32]、石家庄和郑州[21]等省会城市[33],研究内容主要涉及烟花爆竹燃放引起的人体健康和居民安全问题、大气颗粒污染物和主要化学成分的浓度变化、春节前中后不同时期的空气质量变化、烟花燃放是否受到监管的城市之间空气质量的对比分析等。
综上可见,已有研究主要集中在两个方面:在没有禁燃的背景下,探究燃放烟花爆竹对某一孤立城市整体的大气环境质量、污染物浓度及居民健康的影响;在有明确或较为模糊的烟花管控措施下,针对不同城市之间政策的差异性而进行的污染物浓度对比研究。关于传统烟花燃放区,尤其是同一城市或城市群内部,禁燃政策实施前后的对比分析及其实施成效是否显著进行定量化剖析的研究相对较少;另外,已有研究几乎没有考虑由于城市地理位置不同导致的气象条件差异,从而忽视了由此引起的城市空气质量和污染物浓度的差异性。这些不足之处导致了部分公众对政府禁燃政策的适用性看法不一,目前的研究结果也尚不足以彻底打消公众的疑虑,从上而下的政策监管转变为自下而上自觉拥护仍需要一定的时间。
本研究以典型烟花燃放区河南省18个地市2016—2019年逐小时的空气质量指数(AQI)、污染物浓度和气象因子监测数据为基础,分析河南省禁燃政策实施前后春节前、中、后期的空气质量变化特征,并将烟花爆竹对大气污染物的贡献定量化,对实施禁燃政策的成效进行探析,以期为是否有必要在春节期间实施禁燃政策或更进一步加强禁燃力度、扩大禁燃范围的科学决策提供依据。
河南省春节禁燃政策对大气污染的影响分析
Analysis of effect of burning ban policy on air pollution during the Spring Festival in Henan Province
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摘要: 烟花爆竹的燃放是短期内空气质量恶化的重要原因,严重危害人体健康。利用河南省18个地市2016—2019年空气质量指数、污染物浓度(SO2、NO2、O3、CO、PM2.5和PM10)和气象因子(气压、气温、相对湿度、风速、降水)数据,采用距离倒数权重插值、变异系数分析及相似性指数等方法,从多角度探究河南省春节禁燃政策的实施成效。结果表明,2016—2019年河南省春节期间的空气质量呈现逐渐改良趋势,污染出现的时间稍有提前,多出现在春节前期。禁燃对控制SO2、PM2.5和PM10的浓度骤升(“削峰”)有很好的效果,对NO2、O3、CO的影响较小。2016年烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5、PM10和SO2贡献量最大、贡献时间持续最长,贡献率分别为66.98%、56.32%和56.49%;到2019年,随着禁燃成效的逐步显现,烟花对PM2.5、PM10和SO2的最大贡献率分别降至11.54%、14.52%和25.71%。Abstract: Pollutants generated by fireworks and firecrackers caused the deterioration of air quality in the short term, which seriously endangers human health. Based on the data of air quality index (AQI), pollutants concentrations (SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5 and PM10) and meteorological factors (pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation) in 18 cities of Henan Province from 2016 to 2019, this paper analyzes effectiveness of the burning ban policy on controlling the air quality and air pollutants during the Spring Festival in Henan Province by using the methods of inverse distance weight, coefficient of variation analysis and similarity index. The results showed that the air quality showed a gradual improvement trend, and the air pollution occurred slightly earlier, mostly in the early part of the Spring Festival after fireworks and firecrackers being forbidden. Burning ban has a good effect on controlling the sudden rise (“peak clipping”) of SO2, PM2.5 and PM10, but has a poor effect on NO2, O3 and CO. The discharge of fireworks and firecrackers contributed the most and the contribution lasted the longest to PM2.5, PM10 and SO2, with the decreases of 66.98%, 56.32%, 56.49%, respectively. Burning ban in 2019 resulted PM2.5, PM10 and SO2 reducing by 11.54%, 14.52%, 25.71%, respectively.
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表 1 2016—2019年河南省春节不同时期AQI空间自相关分析
Table 1. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of AQI during different periods of the Spring Festival in Henan Province from 2016 to 2019
2016 2017 2018 2019 前期
Early中期
Mid后期
Late前期
Early中期
Mid后期
Late前期
Early中期
Mid后期
Late前期
Early中期
Mid后期
LateMoran's I −0.15 −0.12 0.12 0.16 0.13 0.34 0.30 0.02 0.04 −0.15 −0.12 0.33 Z −0.63 −0.45 1.28 1.57 1.35 2.84 2.62 0.58 0.73 −0.63 −0.45 2.76 P 0.53 0.65 0.20 0.12 0.18 0.00 0.01 0.56 0.47 0.53 0.65 0.01 表 2 2016—2019年春季期间河南省烟花爆竹禁燃政策变化
Table 2. Changes in the ban on fireworks and firecrackers during the Spring Festival in Henan Province from 2016 to 2019
2016 2017 2018 2019 安阳 无 市主城区及龙安腊梅园示范区 维持 扩大 濮阳 无 市主城区 扩大 维持 鹤壁 无 市主城区 扩大 维持 新乡 无 市建成区 扩大 扩大 焦作 无 市建成区 维持 维持 济源 无 市区1环路内 扩大 维持 郑州 无 市5区、4个开发区 扩大 维持 开封 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 商丘 无 市主城区 扩大 扩大 洛阳 无 市建成区限放 扩大、升级 维持 三门峡 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 平顶山 无 市4个开发区 扩大 维持 许昌 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 漯河 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 周口 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 驻马店 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 南阳 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 信阳 无 市主城区 维持 扩大 注:“无”表示未施行禁燃政策;“维持”表示禁燃政策所规定的禁燃范围保持不变;“扩大”表示禁燃政策所规定的禁燃范围扩大至市主城区及县(区)建成区;“升级”表示禁燃政策由限放升级为禁放.
Note: “None”: the burning ban policy has not been implemented. “Maintain”: the range of ban on burning under the burning ban policy remains unchanged; “Expanded”: the burning ban range stipulated by the burning ban policy is extended to the main urban areas and counties of the city (Area) built-up area; “upgrade”: the burning ban policy has been upgraded from restricted discharge to no discharge.表 3 2016—2019年河南省各气象因子相似系数分布表
Table 3. Correlation coefficients of various meteorological factors in Henan Province from 2016 to 2019
排名
Rank城市
City相似系数
Similarity coefficient排名
Rank城市
City相似系数
Similarity coefficient1 南阳市 0.680 10 周口市 0.728 2 信阳市 0.708 11 郑州市 0.732 3 洛阳市 0.709 12 开封市 0.736 4 平顶山市 0.717 13 漯河市 0.743 5 鹤壁市 0.720 14 商丘市 0.745 6 焦作市 0.721 15 许昌市 0.750 7 驻马店市 0.722 16 三门峡市 0.758 8 新乡市 0.724 17 安阳市 0.765 9 濮阳市 0.726 18 济源市 0.774 表 4 2016—2019年河南省春节期间不同时段污染物变异系数分析
Table 4. Analysis for the coefficient of variation of pollutants during different periods of the Spring Festival in Henan Province from 2016 to 2019
SO2/(μg·m−3) NO2/(μg·m−3) CO/(mg·m−3) O3/(μg·m−3) PM2.5/(μg·m−3) PM10/(μg·m−3) 全时段平均值 41.38 28.29 1.53 63.06 120.97 182.77 集中燃放时段平均值 58.03 28.58 1.52 54.58 148.92 220.89 非集中燃放时段平均值 32.25 28.12 1.54 67.71 105.65 161.86 全时段标准差 46.66 12.31 0.70 29.12 87.05 103.09 集中燃放时段标准差 69.35 11.22 0.65 19.20 91.10 108.98 非集中燃放时段标准差 22.33 12.86 0.72 32.40 80.75 93.34 全时段变异系数 1.13 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.72 0.56 集中燃放时段变异系数 1.20 0.39 0.42 0.35 0.61 0.49 非集中燃放时段变异系数 0.69 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.76 0.58 -
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