-
有研究表明,人们一生中90 %的时间是在室内度过的[1]. 随着时代的发展,人们越来越重视室内装饰装修,加之现代住宅的房型布局和密闭性等因素的影响,室内空气污染问题变得日益严重. 世界卫生组织已将室内空气污染列为人类健康的十大威胁之一[2]. 室内污染主要是以甲醛、苯系物和总挥发性有机物(TVOC,total volatile organic compounds)为代表的室内化学性污染[3]. 其中苯系物是苯及其衍生物的总称,环境污染领域关注的苯系物主要为苯、甲苯、二甲苯等[4]. TVOC是总挥发性有机物的总称,定义为利用Tenax GC或Tenax TA采样,非极性色谱柱(极性指数小于10)进行分析,保留时间在正己烷和正十六烷之间的挥发性有机化合物[5]. 甲醛、苯系物和TVOC等可通过皮肤接触和呼吸暴露影响人体健康[6],其中甲醛和部分苯系物及TVOC已被国际癌症研究中心确认为致癌物[4],其健康危害不容忽视. 因此,研究室内化学性污染物污染特征及其健康危害已成为环境与健康领域的主要课题[4,7].
近年来,许多学者对不同城市的室内环境空气污染状况进行了研究,结果发现室内环境空气污染普遍存在,且室内污染程度远大于室外[8-9]. 但目前已有的研究选择的实验周期大多时间跨度较小,主要集中在几个月内选取一定数量的刚装修完的居室环境进行分析[6,10],无法全面反映室内环境空气污染在时间维度上的特征. 且目前的研究区域多为住宅居室或公共场所等单一区域[7,11],除了住宅和公共场所外,办公区域也是人们(特别是成年人)的主要活动区域,其空气质量对人体健康的影响不容忽视. 因此,有必要对办公场所的空气污染特征及健康风险进行分析评价. 目前有关室内环境空气污染的健康效应研究较多的是基于美国环保署的致癌风险模型进行计算[4,12-14]. 然而在实际情况下,该模型中的各参数均存在不确定性,计算出的致癌风险也存在不确定性,这些因素在不同程度下会对致癌风险的真实情况造成影响[10,15-16].
为了解保定市新装修房屋室内空气污染特征及对人体的健康影响,本研究于2018年4月到2020年1月,在全市范围内选取装修完成半年内的居室室内环境和办公室内环境共79处进行了环境空气样本采集分析,对主要致癌污染物进行了健康风险评价,并运用蒙特卡罗模拟对健康风险进行了不确定性分析,研究了各参数的敏感度,从而为有针对性的进行室内空气污染控制、保护人群健康提供支持.
保定市新装修室内空气污染特征及人体健康风险评价
Air pollution characteristics and human health risk assessment of newly decorated indoor in Baoding City
-
摘要: 为了解保定市新装修房屋室内空气污染特征及其对人体的健康影响,于2018年至2020年,在全市范围内选取装修完成半年内的住宅居室和办公场所共79处进行了环境空气样本采集,分析了其甲醛、TVOC和苯系物含量,并评估了甲醛暴露对成年人群造成的健康风险. 结果表明,保定市新装修室内环境空气污染普遍存在且污染较为严重,其中住宅居室室内空气污染以甲醛和TVOC为主,办公场所室内空气污染以甲醛、TVOC和苯系物为主;室内甲醛浓度多分布在(0.10—0.15) mg·m−3范围内,室内TVOC浓度多分布在(0.60—0.90)mg·m−3范围内. 健康风险评估结果显示,保定市住宅居室内装修环境空气甲醛呼吸暴露途径对成年人具有较高的致癌风险;办公场所室内装修环境空气甲醛呼吸暴露途径对成年人具有潜在致癌风险,且同样环境下,成年男性通过呼吸途径受到的甲醛致癌风险比女性更大. 敏感分析结果表明,环境空气中的甲醛浓度和人的呼吸速率对风险评估结果影响较大.Abstract: In order to understand the characteristics of indoor air pollution of newly renovated houses in Baoding city and its impact on human health, this study collected environmental air samples from 79 residential rooms and offices within six months after renovation in Baoding City from 2018 to 2020, and analyzed the contents of formaldehyde, TVOC and benzene series. The health risks of formaldehyde exposured to adults were assessed. The results showed that the air pollution of newly decorated indoor environment in Baoding was widespread and serious, and formaldehyde and TVOC were the main pollutants in residential rooms, while formaldehyde, TVOC and benzene series were the main pollutants in office buildings. Indoor formaldehyde concentration was mainly distributed in the range of 0.10—0.15 mg·m−3. Indoor TVOC concentration was mainly distributed in the range of 0.60—0.90 mg·m−3. The results of health risk assessment showed that adults in Baoding had a high risk of cancer due to formaldehyde respiratory exposure in the indoor air of residential decoration. Formaldehyde respiratory exposure in the air of indoor decoration environment in office places has a potential carcinogenic risk for adults, and in the same environment, adult males are more exposed to formaldehyde carcinogenic risk through respiratory pathway than females. The results of sensitive analysis showed that formaldehyde concentration in ambient air and respiration rate had great influence on the risk assessment results.
-
Key words:
- interior decoration /
- air pollution /
- formaldehyde /
- TVOC /
- Monte Carlo simulation.
-
表 1 保定市不同类型房间室内空气污染物浓度均值(mg·m−3)及其超标率(%)
Table 1. Average concentration(mg·m−3) of indoor air pollutants in different types of rooms and their over-limit ratio(%) in Baoding City
污染物
Pollutant客厅
Living room卧室
Bedroom住宅居室
Residence办公场所
Office国家标准
National standard甲醛
Formaldehyde0.138±0.062(78.13%) 0.146±0.068(79.17%) 0.144±0.078(79.45%) 0.098±0.056(40.96%) 0.10 苯
Benzene0.003±0.009(0.00%) 0.008±0.023(1.74%) 0.006±0.019(1.14%) 0.065±0.062(13.64%) 0.11 甲苯
Methylbenzene0.062±0.214(9.80%) 0.057±0.167(11.30%) 0.056±0.179(10.34%) 0.129±0.122(18.18%) 0.20 二甲苯
Xylene0.082±0.201(17.65%) 0.143±0.666(28.70%) 0.120±0.553(24.13%) 0.308±0.335(46.97%) 0.20 Tvoc 0.709±0.382(94.12%) 0.912±1.069(91.30%) 0.843±0.904(91.95%) 1.652±0.824(89.39%) 0.60 注:表中数据表达形式为:均值±标准差(超标率) -
[1] DAI X L, LIU J J, YIN Y H, et al. Modeling and controlling indoor formaldehyde concentrations in apartments: On-site investigation in all climate zones of China [J]. Building and Environment, 2018, 127: 98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.10.036 [2] GUILBERT J J. The world health report 2002 - reducing risks, promoting healthy life [J]. Education for Health (Abingdon, England), 2003, 16(2): 230. doi: 10.1080/1357628031000116808 [3] CHI C C, CHEN W D, GUO M, et al. Law and features of TVOC and Formaldehyde pollution in urban indoor air [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016, 132: 85-90. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.02.043 [4] 范洁, 樊灏, 沈振兴, 等. 西安市新装修公共场所空气污染物浓度分析及健康风险评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2021, 42(5): 2153-2158. doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202009261 FAN J, FAN H, SHEN Z X, et al. Concentration analysis and health risk assessment of air pollutants in newly decorated public places in Xi'an [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(5): 2153-2158(in Chinese). doi: 10.13227/j.hjkx.202009261
[5] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局;卫生部. 室内空气质量标准: GB/T 18883—2002[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2003. Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China. Indoor air quality STANDARD: GB/T 18883—2002[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2003(in Chinese).
[6] 杜博宇. 新装修住宅室内甲醛浓度抽样状况分析 [J]. 北方建筑, 2017, 2(3): 60-62. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-2118.2017.03.020 DU B Y. Analysis of the sampling situation of formaldehyde concentration in newly renovated residential house [J]. Northern Architecture, 2017, 2(3): 60-62(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2096-2118.2017.03.020
[7] 唐巍飚, 钟义林, 陈希尧, 等. 上海市居民住宅室内空气中典型VOCs浓度水平与污染特征 [J]. 环境化学, 2021, 40(4): 1038-1047. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020041607 TANG W B, ZHONG Y L, CHEN X Y, et al. Study on concentration levels and pollution characteristics of typical VOCs in indoor air of residential buildings in Shanghai [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2021, 40(4): 1038-1047(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020041607
[8] 李荣江. 我国室内空气污染及控制进展 [J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2001, 18(6): 407-408. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5914.2001.06.088 LI R J. Progress in indoor air pollution and control in China [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2001, 18(6): 407-408(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5914.2001.06.088
[9] 周霁阳, 沈振兴, 党文鹏, 等. 西安市办公和家庭室内空气污染状况分析 [J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(9): 1642-1648. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.09.2015022401 ZHOU J Y, SHEN Z X, DANG W P, et al. Indoor air pollution in office and residence environment in Xi'an [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(9): 1642-1648(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2015.09.2015022401
[10] 张敬东, 蒋路平, 李亚男, 等. 基于蒙特卡罗模拟的高校室内甲醛暴露健康风险评价 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 2021, 21(1): 419-425. doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2019.1425 ZHANG J D, JIANG L P, LI Y N, et al. Healthrisk assessment of indoor formaldehyde exposure in universities based on Monte-Carlo simulation [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2021, 21(1): 419-425(in Chinese). doi: 10.13637/j.issn.1009-6094.2019.1425
[11] 吕天峰, 袁懋, 吕怡兵, 等. 2007—2015年北京市室内环境空气污染状况及防治措施 [J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(10): 2191-2196. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.10.2016052102 LV T F, YUAN M, LV Y B, et al. Air pollution in redecorated rooms in Beijing between 2007—2015 and prevention and control measures [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2016, 35(10): 2191-2196(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2016.10.2016052102
[12] 张莉萍, 倪骏, 郑毅鸣, 等. 上海市大型展会部分室内空气污染物分布特征与健康风险评价 [J]. 环境与职业医学, 2021, 38(5): 489-493. doi: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.20381 ZHANG L P, NI J, ZHENG Y M, et al. Distribution characteristics of indoor air pollutants in large-scale exhibitions in Shanghai and its health risk assessment [J]. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 2021, 38(5): 489-493(in Chinese). doi: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2021.20381
[13] 单冰, 崔亮亮, 张迎建, 等. 济南市宾馆、理发店和美容院室内空气中常见化学污染物的健康风险评估 [J]. 山东大学学报(医学版), 2021, 59(12): 110-119. SHAN B, CUI L L, ZHANG Y J, et al. Health risk assessment of common chemical pollutants in the indoor air of hotels, barber shops and beauty salons in Jinan City [J]. Journal of Shandong University (Health Sciences), 2021, 59(12): 110-119(in Chinese).
[14] 王政, 张金萍, 张佳琳, 等. 商业类不同功能公共场所室内甲醛浓度水平及健康风险评价 [J]. 建筑科学, 2021, 37(4): 156-161,188. doi: 10.13614/j.cnki.11-1962/tu.2021.04.21 WANG Z, ZHANG J P, ZHANG J L, et al. Concentration of formaldehyde in commercial public places with different functions and health risk assessment [J]. Building Science, 2021, 37(4): 156-161,188(in Chinese). doi: 10.13614/j.cnki.11-1962/tu.2021.04.21
[15] HAN J B, ZHANG N, NIU C, et al. Personal exposure of children to particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Tianjin, China [J]. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 2014, 34(4): 320-342. doi: 10.1080/10406638.2014.883416 [16] 韩金保, 肖亚楠, 刘晨飞, 等. 保定市环境空气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及呼吸暴露风险 [J]. 安全与环境学报, 2020, 20(4): 1459-1466. HAN J B, XIAO Y N, LIU C F, et al. Characteristics and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons components in fine particle in Baoding, Hebei [J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2020, 20(4): 1459-1466(in Chinese).
[17] 王彬, 周芸, 马继轩, 等. 挥发性有机物致呼吸系统损害的流行病学研究综述 [J]. 环境与职业医学, 2018, 35(5): 471-477. doi: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2018.17556 WANG B, ZHOU Y, MA J X, et al. Respiratory system impairments induced by volatile organic compounds: An epidemiological review [J]. Journal of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, 2018, 35(5): 471-477(in Chinese). doi: 10.13213/j.cnki.jeom.2018.17556
[18] Means. Risk-assessment guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human Health Evaluation Manual. Part A. Interim report (Final)[ R]. Washington: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, 1989 [19] 王宗爽, 段小丽, 刘平, 等. 环境健康风险评价中我国居民暴露参数探讨 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2009, 22(10): 1164-1170. doi: 10.13198/j.res.2009.10.54.wangzsh.006 WANG Z S, DUAN X L, LIU P, et al. Human exposure factors of Chinese people in environmental health risk assessment [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 22(10): 1164-1170(in Chinese). doi: 10.13198/j.res.2009.10.54.wangzsh.006
[20] 王宗爽, 武婷, 段小丽, 等. 环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2009, 22(10): 1171-1175. doi: 10.13198/j.res.2009.10.61.wangzsh.007 WANG Z S, WU T, DUAN X L, et al. Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of Chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2009, 22(10): 1171-1175(in Chinese). doi: 10.13198/j.res.2009.10.61.wangzsh.007
[21] 赵秀阁, 段小丽. 中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)概要[M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2014. ZHAO X G, DUAN X L. Highlights of the Chinese exposure factors handbook(adults)[M]. Beijing: China Environment Publishing Group, 2014(in Chinese).
[22] United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition[R]. Washington: Office of Research and Development National Center, 2011. [23] 马惠娣, 张景安. 中国公众休闲状况调查[M]. 北京: 中国经济出版社, 2004. MA H D, ZHANG J G. Survey Studies of the State of Leisure Life Among the Chinese Public[M]. Beijing: Economic Press China, 2004(in Chinese).
[24] 段小丽, 黄楠, 王贝贝, 等. 国内外环境健康风险评价中的暴露参数比较 [J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2012, 29(2): 99-104. doi: 10.16241/j.cnki.1001-5914.2012.02.004 DUAN X L, HUANG N, WANG B B, et al. Development of exposure factors research methods in environmental health risk assessment [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2012, 29(2): 99-104(in Chinese). doi: 10.16241/j.cnki.1001-5914.2012.02.004
[25] 佟瑞鹏, 马晓飞. 基于蒙特卡罗法的家具制造工人不安全行为风险评估 [J]. 中国安全生产科学技术, 2018, 14(7): 187-192. doi: 10.11731/j.issn.1673-193x.2018.07.028 TONG R P, MA X F. Risk assessment on unsafe behavior of furniture manufacturing workers based on Monte Carlo method [J]. Journal of Safety Science and Technology, 2018, 14(7): 187-192(in Chinese). doi: 10.11731/j.issn.1673-193x.2018.07.028
[26] CHANG T, REN D X, SHEN Z X, et al. Indoor air pollution levels in decorated residences and public places over xi’an, China [J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2017, 17(9): 2197-2205. doi: 10.4209/aaqr.2016.12.0542 [27] AYDEMIR C, AYHAN ÖZSOY S,. Environmental impact of printing inks and printing process [J]. Journal of Graphic Engineering and Design, 2020, 11(2): 11-17. doi: 10.24867/JGED-2020-2-011 [28] 肖莎, 龙文芳, 杨建军, 等. 海口市装修居室内空气中甲醛浓度调查 [J]. 中国热带医学, 2016, 16(2): 124-126. doi: 10.13604/j.cnki.46-1064/r.2016.02.07 XIAO S, LONG W F, YANG J J, et al. Investigation on indoor formaldehyde level of new decorated apartments in Haikou [J]. China Tropical Medicine, 2016, 16(2): 124-126(in Chinese). doi: 10.13604/j.cnki.46-1064/r.2016.02.07
[29] 樊娜, 刘聪, 黄衍, 等. 我国健康建筑中VOC污染控制研究进展及思考 [J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65(4): 263-273. doi: 10.1360/TB-2019-0495 FAN N, LIU C, HUANG Y, et al. Research progress and consideration of VOC pollution control in healthy buildings in China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(4): 263-273(in Chinese). doi: 10.1360/TB-2019-0495
[30] TAO H T, FAN Y S, LI X Q, et al. Investigation of formaldehyde and TVOC in underground malls in Xi'an, China: Concentrations, sources, and affecting factors [J]. Building and Environment, 2015, 85: 85-93. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.017 [31] 刘建龙, 谭超毅, 张国强, 等. 湖南省4城市住宅室内环境健康风险评价 [J]. 环境与职业医学, 2008, 25(4): 375-377. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3617.2008.04.011 LIU J L, TAN C Y, ZHANG G Q, et al. Study on health risk assessment of residential indoor environment at four cities in Hunan Province [J]. Journal of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, 2008, 25(4): 375-377(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-3617.2008.04.011
[32] CHEN X Y, LI F, LIU C Y, et al. Monitoring, human health risk assessment and optimized management for typical pollutants in indoor air from random families of university staff, Wuhan city, China [J]. Sustainability, 2017, 9(7): 1115. doi: 10.3390/su9071115 [33] 李湉湉, 程艳丽, 颜敏, 等. 贵阳市室内空气中苯和甲醛的健康风险评价 [J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2008, 25(9): 757-759. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5914.2008.09.002 LI T T, CHENG Y L, YAN M, et al. Human health risk assessment of benzene and formaldehyde in different indoor environment in Guiyang City [J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2008, 25(9): 757-759(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5914.2008.09.002