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随着社会发展的加快,人类在各种生产活动中排放出大量砷(As)等污染物[1],当这些污染物入侵到环境之后,给生态系统带来的风险日益增大[2-3]. 其中,食物链的存在对砷的迁移与转化过程尤为重要,砷会通过食物链的累积作用到达人体,对人体健康造成危害[4]. 有大量研究显示,在海洋和湖泊中,几乎所有的水生生物体内均有砷元素,而生活在不同环境的不同生物,其体内的砷含量均有所不同[5-6].
目前,砷在水体和沉积物中的富集与分布方面已有较多研究,但是关于砷在食物链上的生物累积与转化过程的研究相对较少[7-8]. 有研究发现,在生物累积和转化砷的过程中,生物体一般从环境中累积砷酸[As(Ⅴ)]和亚砷酸[As(Ⅲ)]等无机砷,之后在体内甲基化为一甲基砷酸(MMA)、二甲基砷酸(DMA)、砷甜菜碱(AsB)等有机砷[9]. AsB是海洋鱼类中主要的砷形态,在总砷中的占比可达80%—95%[10]. AsB也存在于淡水鱼中,但其在总砷中所占的比值相对较小,而MMA、DMA等甲基类的砷占据重要位置[11]. 有研究者在湖泊中检测了不同营养级的动植物,发现在不同类型的生物体内砷含量差异较大,其中浮游动物砷含量最大,其次为杂食性鱼类,最后到肉食性鱼类[12],随着营养级的增加,生物体内所累积的砷含量减小.
杂食性淡水鱼类尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus),是我国引进的最重要的淡水鱼类养殖品种之一,深受人们喜爱. 本研究选取尼罗罗非鱼为供试对象,并以浮水植物青萍(Lemna minor L.)、沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillate)、节肢动物日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)作为罗非鱼的食物,探究尼罗罗非鱼在摄食不同类型含砷食物之后,其对砷的累积与转化作用,为人类的饮食安全提供科学依据.
食物相暴露条件下尼罗罗非鱼对砷的累积与转化
Accumulation and transformation of arsenic in Oreochromis niloticus under food phase exposure
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摘要: 为研究不同类型、不同营养级的生物对砷(As)的累积与转化作用,采用室内培养试验,选取杂食性淡水鱼类尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)为研究对象,让其分别摄食暴露于1 mg·L−1砷酸[As(Ⅴ)]水溶液中15 d的浮水植物青萍(Lemna minor L.)、沉水植物轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillate)、节肢动物日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense),研究不同食物相暴露条件下尼罗罗非鱼对砷的累积与转化作用. 结果发现,动植物能吸收并累积水中的砷,且随着暴露时间的增加,其对含砷水环境有一定的适应性;尼罗罗非鱼摄食不同类型的食物之后,其肌肉组织中累积的砷含量不同,但总砷量与食物相中的浓度趋势一致,为投喂青萍组>投喂轮叶黑藻组>投喂日本沼虾组;当罗非鱼通过食物摄入砷,相较于一甲基砷酸(MMA) 和二甲基砷酸(DMA),As(Ⅴ)更容易转化为亚砷酸[As(Ⅲ)],砷被蓄积与转化后主要以砷甜菜碱(AsB)的稳态形式存在;不同生物对砷的累积和转化方式不同,水生动物更易将无机砷甲基化为毒性较小的AsB;投喂日本沼虾的罗非鱼对砷的生物转化能力最高,砷在营养转移过程中可沿食物链传递但没有在罗非鱼中生物放大.Abstract: In order to study the accumulation and transformation of arsenic(As) by different types and different trophic levels of organisms, an indoor culture experiment was carried out. The omnivorous freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus was selected as the research object, and they were exposed to the floating plant Lemna minor L.
, submerged plant Hydrilla verticillate and arthropod Macrobrachium nipponense which exposed to 1 mg·L−1 arsenate [As(Ⅴ)] aqueous solution for 15 days to study the accumulation and transformation of arsenic in Oreochromis niloticus under different food exposure conditions. The results show that animals and plants can absorb and accumulate arsenic in ponding, and they have a certain adaptability to arsenic containing water environment with the increase of exposure time; After feeding different types of food, the arsenic content accumulated in muscle tissue of Oreochromis niloticus was different, but the total arsenic content was consistent with the concentration trend in food phase, which was feeding Lemna minor L. group > feeding Hydrilla verticillate group > feeding Macrobrachium nipponense group; When Oreochromis niloticus ingests arsenic through food, compared with monomethyl arsenic (MMA) and dimethyl arsenic (DMA), As(Ⅴ) was easier to convert to arsenite [As(Ⅲ)]. After arsenic was accumulated and transformed, it mainly existed in the steady-state form of arsenic betaine (AsB) in fish; Different organisms had different ways of arsenic accumulation and transformation. Aquatic animals were more likely to methylate inorganic arsenic into less toxic AsB; Oreochromis niloticus fed with Macrobrachium nipponense had the highest biotransformation ability of arsenic, and arsenic can be transferred along the food chain during nutrient transfer, but it was not biomagnified in fish. -
Key words:
- Oreochromis niloticus /
- arsenic /
- food chain /
- trophic transfer /
- bioaccumulation /
- biotransformation
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表 1 暴露15 d食物相体内累积的总As、As形态浓度及其占比
Table 1. Total As, As species concentrations and distribution in exposed food after exposure for 15 d
As形态浓度(μg·g−1)
As species concentrations总As浓度/(μg·g−1)
Total AsAs(Ⅲ) As(Ⅴ) DMA AsB 青萍 47.06±6.23
(44.11%±5.18%)29.39±2.19
(27.54%±1.45%)30.25±2.78
(28.35%±4.28%)ND 104.18±10.42 轮叶黑藻 26.25±2.53
(51.74%±6.01%)20.86±1.39
(41.11%±2.71%)3.63±0.93
(7.15%±1.39%)ND 48.15±7.41 日本沼虾 2.14±1.23
(7.77%±5.18%)14.79±2.19
(53.72%±1.45%)4.20±2.78
(15.25%±4.28%)6.41±1.21
(23.27%±2.65%)25.81±3.71 ND,未检出. 括号内数值为占比. ND, not detected. The value in brackets is the proportion. 表 2 不同食物投喂30 d后鱼体肌肉中累积的总As、As形态浓度及其占比
Table 2. Total As, As species concentrations and distribution in the musle of fish after different dietborne exposure for 30 d
As形态浓度(μg·g−1)
As species concentrations营养转移
因子(TTF)
Trophic Transfer
FactorAs(Ⅲ) As(Ⅴ) MMA DMA AsB CK 0.02±0.07
(5.46%±2.92%)ND ND ND 0.38±0.06
(94.54%±7.67%)投喂青萍组 0.31±0.03
(11.12%±1.89%)0.10±0.02
(3.46%±0.48%)0.03±0.01
(0.91%±0.23%)0.25±0.05
(9.03%±1.40%)2.08±0.22
(75.47%±3.53%)0.026 投喂轮叶黑藻组 0.16±0.07
(10.25%±3.17%)0.05±0.01
(3.46%±0.85%)0.01±0.01
(0.91%±0.20%)0.11±0.02
(7.03%±2.17%)1.23±0.43
(78.35%±3.83%)0.033 投喂日本沼虾组 0.08±0.07
(8.37%±1.00%)0.003±0.006
(0.27%±0.23%)ND 0.08±0.02
(8.37%±2.01%)0.81±0.12
(82.98%±4.20%)0.038 注:括号内数值为占比. Note: The value in brackets is the proportion. -
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