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农田系统中重金属污染与食品安全关系重大,已受到全球广大学者的关注[1−2]。农业肥料等的大量使用提高了作物的产量,同时也造成了农田系统的重金属污染[3−4]。水稻在我国的经济作物中占有重要的地位[5]。水稻植株可从农田土壤中富集重金属,并通过迁移转化最终蓄积到稻米中,对食用该稻米的居民存在潜在的健康危害[6−7]。食用稻米的摄入是人体接触重金属的主要途径之一,农产品中重金属的含量及其对人体的健康风险越来越受到大众的关注[8−9]。稻米中重金属对人体的健康风险可通过美国环保署推荐的暴露剂量模型进行评估,评估指标分为致癌风险和非致癌风险[10−11]。重金属进入人体之后,只有一部分能被人体吸收并产生危害,因此,越来越多的学者开始在健康风险评估时考虑重金属的生物可给性[12−13]。重金属的生物可给性是指在胃肠道环境中可溶解的重金属的百分比[14]。在重金属健康风险评估的过程中,结合重金属的生物可给性能得到更准确的评估结果。体外模拟消化实验方法可用于分析重金属的生物可给性,被广泛应用于土壤和食物中的重金属健康风险评价中[15]。
九龙江流域位于福建省的西南部,是福建省的主要水稻产区之一[16−17]。该区域农业经济发达,面积约占福建省陆地面积的1/8,GDP约占福建省的1/4[18]。本研究以九龙江流域农田产稻米为研究对象,测定了稻米中8种重金属的模拟胃液和模拟肠液可提取含量,分析了稻米中重金属的生物可给性特征,并结合重金属生物可给性及健康风险评估模型分析了稻米的食用健康风险,以期为该区域的农业经济可持续发展及稻米食用安全研究提供一定的科学依据。
九龙江流域稻米重金属生物可给性及食用健康风险
Bioaccessibility of heavy metals and dietary safety of the rice produced in Jiulong River Basin
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摘要: 为研究九龙江流域稻米中重金属的生物可给性及其食用健康风险,运用生理原理提取法(PBET)分析了稻米中模拟胃阶段和肠阶段可提取的重金属含量。运用基于生物可给性的健康风险评价模型评估重金属对人体的致癌风险和非致癌风险。结果表明,九龙江流域稻米中不同重金属的生物可给性差异较大。稻米中Ni、Zn、Cd和Pb在胃阶段的平均生物可给性高于肠阶段;而稻米中Cr、Cu、As和Hg在胃阶段的平均生物可给性低于肠阶段。稻米重金属在胃阶段和肠阶段均对人体存在非致癌风险和致癌风险,其中非致癌风险主要由As和Cd贡献;致癌风险主要由Cd和Ni贡献。稻米重金属对儿童的非致癌风险高于成人,而致癌风险低于成人。稻米重金属在胃阶段的非致癌风险低于肠阶段,而致癌风险高于肠阶段。稻米重金属的健康风险在九龙江流域的中上游区域较高。Abstract: In order to research the bioaccessibility of heavy metals and dietary health risks of the rice produced in the Jiulong River Basin, the extractable rice heavy metals in the simulated gastric phase and intestinal phase were analyzed using the Physiologically Based Extraction Test (PBET) method. A bioaccessibility-based health risk evaluation model was applied to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metals to humans. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of different heavy metals in the rice produced in Jiulong River Basin was significantly different. The average bioaccessibility of Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb in the rice was higher in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase, while the average bioaccessibility of Cr, Cu, As and Hg in the rice was lower in the gastric phase than in the intestinal phase. There were non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk of rice heavy metals in both gastric phase and intestinal phase, with the non-carcinogenic risk mainly contributed by As and Cd and the carcinogenic risk mainly contributed by Cd and Ni. The non-carcinogenic risk of the rice heavy metals to children was higher than that to adults, while the carcinogenic risk of the rice heavy metals to children was lower than that to adults. The non-carcinogenic risk of the rice heavy metals in the gastric phase was lower than that in the intestinal phase, while the carcinogenic risk of the rice heavy metals in the gastric phase was higher than that in the intestinal phase. The health risks of the rice heavy metals were higher in the middle and upper regions of the Jiulong River Basin.
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Key words:
- heavy metals /
- bioaccessibility /
- rice /
- health risk /
- Jiulong River Basin
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表 1 健康风险指数计算参数
Table 1. Parameters used in the calculation of health risk index
元素
ElementsRfD/(mg∙(kg∙d)−1) SF/(kg∙d∙mg−1) 经口摄入Ingestion 皮肤接触
Dermal absorption呼吸吸入Inhalation 经口摄入Ingestion 皮肤接触
Dermal absorption呼吸吸入Inhalation Cr 3.00×10−3 6.00×10−5 2.86×10−5 5.00×10−1 2.0×101 4.2×101 Ni 2.00×10−2 5.40×10−3 9.00×10−5 1.7×100 4.25×101 8.40×10−1 Cu 4.00×10−2 1.20×10−2 4.02×10−2 — — — Zn 3.00×10−1 6.00×10−2 3.00×10−1 — — — As 3.00×10−4 1.23×10−4 3.00×10−4 1.50 ×100 3.66×100 1.51×101 Cd 1.00×10−3 1.00×10−5 1.00×10−5 6.1×100 6.3×100 6.30 ×100 Pb 3.50×10−3 5.25×10−4 3.52×10−3 8.50×10−3 — — Hg 3.00×10−4 2.10×10−5 8.57×10−5 — — — 注:“—”表示无该参数。Note: "—" means no parameter 表 2 重金属健康风险程度分级
Table 2. Degree of health risks of heavy metals
HQ/HI 健康风险程度
Degree of health riskCR/TCR 健康风险程度
Degree of health risk<1 无风险 TCR/CR<10−6 无风险 >1 有风险 10−6≤TCR/CR<10−4 有人体可耐受的风险 10−4≤TCR/CR 有人体不可耐受的风险 表 3 九龙江流域稻米中重金属的健康风险指数
Table 3. Health risk index of heavy metals in rice in Jiulong River Basin
元素
Element胃阶段非致癌风险指数
Non-carcinogenic risk index
of gastric phase胃阶段致癌风险指数
Carcinogenic risk index
of gastric phase胃阶段非致癌风险指数
Non-carcinogenic risk index of intestinal phase胃阶段致癌风险指数
Carcinogenic risk index of intestinal phase成人
Adult儿童
Children成人
Adult儿童
Children成人
Adult儿童
Children成人
Adult儿童
ChildrenCr 0.06 0.09 2.87×10−5 1.06×10−5 0.07 0.10 3.36×10−5 1.24×10−5 Ni 0.03 0.04 3.10×10−4 1.15×10−4 0.03 0.04 2.95×10−4 1.09×10−4 Cu 0.23 0.35 — — 0.29 0.42 — — Zn 0.28 0.42 — — 0.20 0.29 — — As 0.93 1.37 1.32×10−4 4.87×10−5 1.35 1.99 1.92×10−4 7.10×10−5 Cd 0.37 0.55 7.23×10−4 2.67×10−4 0.28 0.41 5.39×10−4 1.99×10−4 Pb 0.06 0.09 5.67×10−7 2.09×10−7 0.04 0.06 4.01×10−7 1.48×10−7 Hg 0.02 0.02 — — 0.02 0.03 — — Total 1.99 2.92 1.19×10−3 4.41×10−4 2.28 3.36 1.06×10−3 3.92×10−4 注:“—”表示缺计算参数而无该结果。Note: "-" means that the result is not available due to missing calculation parameters. -
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