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近年来,卤系阻燃剂由于持久性、生物毒性、生物富集性等缺点,正逐渐被磷系阻燃剂和无机阻燃剂所取代. 有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters, OPEs)阻燃剂作为重要的有机磷系阻燃剂,在世界范围内被广泛生产和使用. 我国是OPEs的生产和使用大国,2013年我国有机磷阻燃剂的年产量接近31万t,消费量占全球总消费量的16%[1]. OPEs常用于室内建筑材料、家具、塑料和电子产品[2]. OPEs通常是以物理方式而非化学键合添加的,因此极易因挥发和磨损释放到环境中,增加室内OPEs的暴露风险[3-4]. 研究显示,灰尘[5-6]、空气[5–7]、土壤[8-9]、水体[7,9]、植物[10]、动物[10],甚至人类的尿液[11–13]、血液[14–16]、头发[17–19]、指甲[19]等样品中含有较高浓度的OPEs,这表明OPEs在环境中无处不在. OPEs作为新兴有机污染物,具有多种生物毒性,并且会生物富集[20]. 如磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯(TCEP)、三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCIPP)和三(1, 3-二氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TDCIPP)被证明具有神经毒性和致癌性[21]. TDCIPP和TCIPP也与甲状腺激素和雌激素紊乱有关[22-23]. 磷酸三苯酯(TPHP)已被证明可以诱导雌激素效应以及潜在的发育和神经毒性[23-24],TCEP也被欧盟列为2类致癌物[8]. 目前研究发现,室内环境中OPEs的浓度水平普遍是室外环境的数十至数千倍[9,21]. 室内作为人们每天长时间生活和工作的场所,极易因闭塞的空气流动和狭小的空间导致OPEs污染的积聚,致使OPEs的人体暴露风险显著增加.
相较于主动采样,被动采样具有轻捷简便、成本低廉、操作简单、无需电源等优势. 聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)被动采样器已被广泛用于各种半挥发性有机污染物(SVOCs)的室内空气采样研究[25-26]. 聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS,又称硅胶)薄片和胸牌可用作室内空气和个体的被动采样研究[27-28]. 有学者利用硅胶手环(wristband, WB)作为个体被动采样器研究个体暴露,发现其具有一定的时间和空间敏感性[29]. 硅胶手环不会干扰参与者的活动,还能够提供个体环境污染物的时间加权平均浓度[30]. 此外,低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)也被用作多种阻燃剂的被动采样[31-32]. LDPE、PUF、PDMS、WB 4种被动采样材料无需过高的成本和复杂的技术,能够在几周至几个月的时间内获得空气中SVOCs的平均浓度,因此在研究室内空气OPEs上也具有良好的前景.
目前关于室内空气OPEs的被动采样研究相对较少,且多集中在欧美国家. Saini等利用全封闭和半封闭式XAD-PUF(SIP)和PUF作为室内被动空气采样器,对加拿大室内空气溴代阻燃剂和增塑剂进行被动采样研究,发现SIP和PUF采样效率约为3.5 m3·d−1[33]. Okeme等还利用PDMS和XAD-Pocket(苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物)对多伦多大学办公室气相和颗粒相SVOCs进行研究,实验表明PDMS比XAD-Pocket具有更高的采样效率[34]. Saini等使用PUF和XAD-4树脂浸渍的PUF采集室内空气中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)和溴代阻燃剂(BFRs),研究表明PUF更适合评估BFRs的室内空气浓度,而XAD-4-PUF更适合评估PAEs的空气浓度[33].
虽然已有少量研究[33-34]利用被动采样技术考察了室内空气OPEs污染状况,但仍非常有限,且缺乏各种被动采样材料采样速率和采样效果的对比研究. 本研究利用LDPE、PUF、WB、PDMS 4种被动采样技术,进行了室内空气9种典型OPEs(表1)的采样研究,并利用主动采样对被动采样速率进行了校正,通过分析OPEs的含量、组成及时间累积曲线,对比了4种材料的采样速率和效果,为准确研究室内OPEs污染状况和人体暴露提供技术支持.
室内空气有机磷酸酯的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)和聚氨酯海绵(PUF)被动采样对比
Study on passive sampling of indoor air organophosphate esters using PDMS, LDPE and PUF
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摘要: 室内有机磷酸酯(OPEs)阻燃剂的污染日益严重,但目前OPEs室内被动采样方法和采样速率研究缺乏. 本研究通过室内空气被动采样动力学实验,对比了低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)、聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)、硅胶手环(WB)和聚氨酯海绵(PUF)的4种被动采样方法对室内空气9种典型OPEs的气态采样速率和采样效果. 4种被动采样对OPEs的平均采样速率为:WB((5.4±4.3) m3·d−1·dm−2)>PDMS((2.0±1.6) m3·d−1·dm−2)>PUF((1.5±1.1)m3·d−1·dm−2)≈LDPE((1.3±1.5)m3·d−1·dm−2). 4种被动采样OPEs组成与主动采样气态和颗粒态OPEs的组成均存在明显差异,说明被动采样受空气中细颗粒物的影响. LDPE的采样速率最小,但达到平衡时间较快,约20 d,可用于短期采样;而WB,PDMS,PUF达到平衡时间较长,更适合中、长期采样.Abstract: The indoor pollution of organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants is becoming more and more serious. However, there is a lack of research on the passive sampling methods and rates of indoor OPEs. In this study, a sampling dynamics experiment was conducted for four passive sampling methods using low density polyethylene (LDPE), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silicone wristband (WB) and polyurethane foam (PUF) to investigate their sampling rates and effects of nine typical OPEs in indoor air. The average passive sampling rates of OPEs for these four sampling methods were in the order: WB ((5.4 ± 4.3) m3·d−1·dm−2) > PDMS ((2.0±1.6) m3·d−1·dm−2) > PUF ((1.5±1.1) m3·d−1·dm−2) ≈ LDPE ((1.3±1.5) m3·d−1·dm−2). The compositions of OPEs for the four sampling methods were significantly different from that of both the gaseous and particle OPEs using active air sampling, which suggested that passive sampling may be influenced by the fine particles in the air. LDPE has the lowest sampling rate but fastest equilibrium time, i.e., ~20 d, thus can be used for a short-term sampling. WB, PDMS and PUF have relatively long equilibrium time, thus are suitable for a medium- to long-term sampling.
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Key words:
- organophosphate esters /
- passive air sampling /
- indoor air /
- sampling rate
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表 1 目标物及其缩写
Table 1. Target compounds and their abbreviations
CAS 号
CAS No.英文名
English name中文名
Chinese name简写
Abbreviation126-71-6 Tri-i-propyl phosphate 磷酸三异丁酯 TIBP 126-73-8 Tri-n-butyl phosphate 磷酸三正丁酯 TNBP 115-96-8 Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate 磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯 TCEP 13674-84-5 Tris(2-chloro-isopropyl)phosphate 磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯 TCIPP 13674-87-8 Tris(2-chloro,1-chloromethy-ethyl) phosphate 磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙)酯 TDCIPP 78-51-3 Tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate 磷酸三丁氧乙酯 TBOEP 115-86-6 Triphenyl phosphate 磷酸三苯酯 TPHP 791-28-6 Triphenylphosphine oxide 三苯基氧化膦 TPPO 1330-78-5 Tricresyl phosphate 磷酸三甲苯酯 TMPP -
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