冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素

刘浩志, 张菊, 邓焕广, 张怀珍, 吴金甲, 杨丽伟, 张蕊. 冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素[J]. 环境化学, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
引用本文: 刘浩志, 张菊, 邓焕广, 张怀珍, 吴金甲, 杨丽伟, 张蕊. 冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素[J]. 环境化学, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
LIU Haozhi, ZHANG Ju, DENG Huanguang, ZHANG Huaizhen, WU Jinjia, YANG Liwei, ZHANG Rui. Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations and the influencing factors in Nansi Lake during winter water diversion period[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
Citation: LIU Haozhi, ZHANG Ju, DENG Huanguang, ZHANG Huaizhen, WU Jinjia, YANG Liwei, ZHANG Rui. Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations and the influencing factors in Nansi Lake during winter water diversion period[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207

冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素

    通讯作者: E-mail:lcdhg@lcu.edu.cn
  • 基金项目:
    国家自然科学基金(41907370,41807430)和聊城大学科研基金(318011909,318012019)资助.

Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations and the influencing factors in Nansi Lake during winter water diversion period

    Corresponding author: DENG Huanguang, lcdhg@lcu.edu.cn
  • Fund Project: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41907370,41807430) and Liaocheng University Foundation Project (318011909,318012019).
  • 摘要: 为了解冬季调水期南四湖表层水中温室气体的溶存浓度及其排放通量,采集南四湖各湖区和主要入湖河流的河口区表层水及气体样品,分析了水体的理化指标以及CO2、CH4和N2O的溶存浓度,采用薄边界层扩散模型法估算了水—气界面排放通量,并探讨了影响调水期南四湖温室气体溶存浓度的主要因子. 结果表明,调水期南四湖表层水中N2O、CH4和CO2浓度分别为(23.0±6.13) nmol·L−1、(0.15±0.10) μmol·L−1和(52.4±11.4) μmol·L−1,均处于高度过饱和状态,排放通量分别为(0.22±0.18) μmol·m−2·h−1、(3.95±2.73) μmol·m−2·h−1和(658±336) μmol·m−2·h−1;浓度和排放通量多与冬季其他湖泊相当,但低于平原河网. 各温室气体浓度、饱和度和排放通量整体呈现自上级湖向下级湖降低的趋势,且在河口区和二级坝附近水域浓度较高,同时N2O和CO2浓度在微山湖湖心区出现带状高值区,而CH4相对较低. 各温室气体浓度与水质参数间具有一定的相关性,其中,N2O浓度与NO3、NO2浓度呈显著正相关,CH4与TN呈显著负相关,CO2与pH、SD呈显著负相关,与DOC呈显著正相关,反映了水质对温室气体溶存浓度的影响. 研究结果为评估调蓄湖泊在调水期对大气温室气体的影响提供了基础数据支撑.
  • 加载中
  • 图 1  南四湖采样点示意图

    Figure 1.  Sketch map of Nansi Lake showing the sampling sites

    图 2  南四湖各区表层水温室气体浓度、饱和度和排放通量空间分布特征

    Figure 2.  The spatial distribution characteristics of greenhouse gas concentrations, saturation and fluxes in surface water of Nansi Lake

    图 3  南四湖表层水中各温室气体浓度与水质参数间的一元线性回归

    Figure 3.  The unitary linear regression between the greenhouse gas concentrations and the water quality parameters in surface water of Nansi Lake

    表 1  南四湖各湖区和部分河口水环境参数

    Table 1.  The water environment parameters of Nansi Lake

    区域
    Region
    理化指标
    Physical
    and
    chemical
    indexes
    WD/
    m
    SD/
    m
    WT/
    pHDO/
    (mg·L−1
    TN/
    (mg·L−1
    NO3--N/
    (mg·L−1
    NO2--N/
    (mg·L−1
    NH3-N/
    (mg·L−1
    TP/
    (mg·L−1
    DIP/
    (mg·L−1
    DOC/
    (mg·L−1
    CODMn/
    (mg·L−1
    Chl-a/
    (μg·L−1
    微山湖(n=42)
    WS
    平均值2.02b1.13b5.26b8.27a11.34a4.48a1.02ac0.010b0.43a0.075b0.029a8.98a3.52a2.10b
    标准偏差.0.870.580.470.181.161.710.780.0100.140.0310.0251.831.132.51
    独山湖+昭阳湖(n=15)
    DS+ZY
    平均值2.74a1.54a6.39a8.31a10.51b4.80a0.31b0.008b0.55a0.046c0.014b9.67a3.87a1.42b
    标准偏差0.560.350.880.070.191.560.220.0080.200.0260.0150.660.501.14
    南阳湖(n=6)
    NY
    平均值2.21ab1.37ab5.18b8.32a10.65b1.25b0.37bc0.008b0.44a0.097ab0.010b9.30a3.76a2.01b
    标准偏差0.240.340.400.110.140.320.420.0030.190.0400.0061.410.650.47
    河口(n=9)
    Estuary
    平均值4.83a1.20ab6.52a8.21a11.13ab3.91ab2.77a0.046a0.44a0.111a0.028a10.08a3.78a4.46a
    标准偏差4.730.601.320.081.403.192.990.0640.200.0500.0171.680.592.98
    全湖
    (含河口,n=72)
    The whole lake
    平均值2.511.255.658.2811.084.211.030.0140.460.0750.0249.293.642.21
    标准偏差1.900.540.900.151.062.041.380.0260.170.0380.0221.630.942.36
    最小值0.700.404.808.0310.200.880.0050.0020.120.0090.0015.920.560.013
    最大值15.002.909.308.8714.9010.048.650.2130.920.1900.10313.866.6211.18
    GB3838-2002
    Ⅲ类水标准
    6—9≥5≤1.0≤10*≤1.0≤0.05≤6
      注:* NO3-N标准为GB 3838—2002集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值. 同列不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P < 0.05). 下文同.
      Notes: * NO3-N standard value is the standard limit of GB 3838—2002 supplementary items of centralized drinking water surface water source. Different lowercase letters in the same column have significant difference (P < 0.05) The same below.
    区域
    Region
    理化指标
    Physical
    and
    chemical
    indexes
    WD/
    m
    SD/
    m
    WT/
    pHDO/
    (mg·L−1
    TN/
    (mg·L−1
    NO3--N/
    (mg·L−1
    NO2--N/
    (mg·L−1
    NH3-N/
    (mg·L−1
    TP/
    (mg·L−1
    DIP/
    (mg·L−1
    DOC/
    (mg·L−1
    CODMn/
    (mg·L−1
    Chl-a/
    (μg·L−1
    微山湖(n=42)
    WS
    平均值2.02b1.13b5.26b8.27a11.34a4.48a1.02ac0.010b0.43a0.075b0.029a8.98a3.52a2.10b
    标准偏差.0.870.580.470.181.161.710.780.0100.140.0310.0251.831.132.51
    独山湖+昭阳湖(n=15)
    DS+ZY
    平均值2.74a1.54a6.39a8.31a10.51b4.80a0.31b0.008b0.55a0.046c0.014b9.67a3.87a1.42b
    标准偏差0.560.350.880.070.191.560.220.0080.200.0260.0150.660.501.14
    南阳湖(n=6)
    NY
    平均值2.21ab1.37ab5.18b8.32a10.65b1.25b0.37bc0.008b0.44a0.097ab0.010b9.30a3.76a2.01b
    标准偏差0.240.340.400.110.140.320.420.0030.190.0400.0061.410.650.47
    河口(n=9)
    Estuary
    平均值4.83a1.20ab6.52a8.21a11.13ab3.91ab2.77a0.046a0.44a0.111a0.028a10.08a3.78a4.46a
    标准偏差4.730.601.320.081.403.192.990.0640.200.0500.0171.680.592.98
    全湖
    (含河口,n=72)
    The whole lake
    平均值2.511.255.658.2811.084.211.030.0140.460.0750.0249.293.642.21
    标准偏差1.900.540.900.151.062.041.380.0260.170.0380.0221.630.942.36
    最小值0.700.404.808.0310.200.880.0050.0020.120.0090.0015.920.560.013
    最大值15.002.909.308.8714.9010.048.650.2130.920.1900.10313.866.6211.18
    GB3838-2002
    Ⅲ类水标准
    6—9≥5≤1.0≤10*≤1.0≤0.05≤6
      注:* NO3-N标准为GB 3838—2002集中式生活饮用水地表水源地补充项目标准限值. 同列不同小写字母表示具有显著差异(P < 0.05). 下文同.
      Notes: * NO3-N standard value is the standard limit of GB 3838—2002 supplementary items of centralized drinking water surface water source. Different lowercase letters in the same column have significant difference (P < 0.05) The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  南四湖表层水中N2O、CH4和CO2溶存浓度、饱和度和排放通量的参数统计

    Table 2.  The parametric statistics of concentrations, saturation and emission fluxes of N2O, CH4 and CO2 in surface water of Nansi Lake

    参数
    Parameter
    N2OCH4CO2
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    微山湖
    WS
    平均值21.5b140b0.16b0.14a3595a3.63a50.3a170b551.7b
    最小值17.41170.070.025570.4624.410744.3
    最大值26.71700.270.451120612.067.02411035.3
    标准偏差2.0814.50.060.1026882.7210.136.8262.0
    独山湖+
    昭阳湖
    DS+ZY
    平均值22.3ab156a0.22a0.12a3148a3.23a54.2a199a757.2a
    最小值19.71420.180.0514571.3541.7171497.9
    最大值24.61740.260.2463276.6965.12351005.1
    标准偏差1.3510.10.030.0616471.777.3419.2157.3
    南阳湖
    NY
    平均值23.3ab153ab0.21ab0.22a5655a5.82a56.4a207a782.7a
    最小值20.71360.140.1333223.3741.2142330.8
    最大值25.61710.280.431138111.779.13011425.6
    标准偏差2.0212.60.050.1129533.0612.956.8383.5
    河口
    Estuary
    平均值30.8a217a0.46a0.19a5235a5.42a56.6a224a902a
    最小值20.71400.160.0614981.4739.2151356
    最大值63.24311.340.381044410.5103.34132411
    标准偏差15.01040.420.1131793.2319.175.9601
    全湖
    (含河口)
    The whole
    lake
    平均值23.01540.220.1538783.9552.4186658
    最小值17.41170.070.025570.4624.410744.3
    最大值63.24311.340.451138112.0103.34132411
    标准偏差6.1344.60.180.1026682.7311.446.2336
      注:CO2和CH4浓度单位为μmol·L−1,N2O为nmol·L−1;饱和度单位是%;排放通量单位是μmol·m−2·h−1. 下文同.
      Notes: The unit for CO2 and CH4 is μmol·L−1, N2O: nmol·L−1; Saturation: %; Emission flux: μmol·m−2·h−1. The same below.
    参数
    Parameter
    N2OCH4CO2
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    微山湖
    WS
    平均值21.5b140b0.16b0.14a3595a3.63a50.3a170b551.7b
    最小值17.41170.070.025570.4624.410744.3
    最大值26.71700.270.451120612.067.02411035.3
    标准偏差2.0814.50.060.1026882.7210.136.8262.0
    独山湖+
    昭阳湖
    DS+ZY
    平均值22.3ab156a0.22a0.12a3148a3.23a54.2a199a757.2a
    最小值19.71420.180.0514571.3541.7171497.9
    最大值24.61740.260.2463276.6965.12351005.1
    标准偏差1.3510.10.030.0616471.777.3419.2157.3
    南阳湖
    NY
    平均值23.3ab153ab0.21ab0.22a5655a5.82a56.4a207a782.7a
    最小值20.71360.140.1333223.3741.2142330.8
    最大值25.61710.280.431138111.779.13011425.6
    标准偏差2.0212.60.050.1129533.0612.956.8383.5
    河口
    Estuary
    平均值30.8a217a0.46a0.19a5235a5.42a56.6a224a902a
    最小值20.71400.160.0614981.4739.2151356
    最大值63.24311.340.381044410.5103.34132411
    标准偏差15.01040.420.1131793.2319.175.9601
    全湖
    (含河口)
    The whole
    lake
    平均值23.01540.220.1538783.9552.4186658
    最小值17.41170.070.025570.4624.410744.3
    最大值63.24311.340.451138112.0103.34132411
    标准偏差6.1344.60.180.1026682.7311.446.2336
      注:CO2和CH4浓度单位为μmol·L−1,N2O为nmol·L−1;饱和度单位是%;排放通量单位是μmol·m−2·h−1. 下文同.
      Notes: The unit for CO2 and CH4 is μmol·L−1, N2O: nmol·L−1; Saturation: %; Emission flux: μmol·m−2·h−1. The same below.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  南四湖表层水中温室气体平均溶存浓度、饱和度和排放通量与其他水体的比较

    Table 3.  The comparison of average concentrations, saturation and emission fluxes of greenhouse gases in surface water of Nansi Lake with those in other water bodies

    N2OCH4CO2
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    南四湖(本研究)23.0③154②0.22④0.15③3878①3.95⑤52.4186658④
    巢湖[6]23.4②0.26③
    微山湖[1617]2.13⑦628.2⑤
    平原河网[24]86.8①448①2.28①0.86②758②24.1②
    西北口水库[25]0.079④0.44—1.44⑧
    东平湖[26]0.33②
    梅梁湾[27]−0.05⑦2.5⑥−41.1⑧
    鄱阳湖[28]0.05⑤4.38④165.5⑥
    北京内湖[29]17.1④0.023⑥
    北京内湖[30]1.1①29.2①−8.3⑦
    五里湖[31]1041.7③
    荷兰人工湖[32]3409.1①
    东湖[33]17.5③1336.4②
      注:CO2和CH4浓度单位为μmol·L−1,N2O为nmol·L−1;饱和度%;排放通量μmol·m−2·h−1. 平均值后带圈数字表示同列数据的大小排序. 北京内湖数据均为年平均数据.
      Notes: The unit for CO2 and CH4 is μmol·L−1, N2O: nmol·L−1; Saturation: %; Emission flux: μmol·m−2·h−1. The circled number after the average indicates the order of the data in the same column. The data of inner lakes in Beijing are annual average data.
    N2OCH4CO2
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    浓度
    Concentration
    饱和度
    Saturation
    排放通量
    Emission
    flux
    南四湖(本研究)23.0③154②0.22④0.15③3878①3.95⑤52.4186658④
    巢湖[6]23.4②0.26③
    微山湖[1617]2.13⑦628.2⑤
    平原河网[24]86.8①448①2.28①0.86②758②24.1②
    西北口水库[25]0.079④0.44—1.44⑧
    东平湖[26]0.33②
    梅梁湾[27]−0.05⑦2.5⑥−41.1⑧
    鄱阳湖[28]0.05⑤4.38④165.5⑥
    北京内湖[29]17.1④0.023⑥
    北京内湖[30]1.1①29.2①−8.3⑦
    五里湖[31]1041.7③
    荷兰人工湖[32]3409.1①
    东湖[33]17.5③1336.4②
      注:CO2和CH4浓度单位为μmol·L−1,N2O为nmol·L−1;饱和度%;排放通量μmol·m−2·h−1. 平均值后带圈数字表示同列数据的大小排序. 北京内湖数据均为年平均数据.
      Notes: The unit for CO2 and CH4 is μmol·L−1, N2O: nmol·L−1; Saturation: %; Emission flux: μmol·m−2·h−1. The circled number after the average indicates the order of the data in the same column. The data of inner lakes in Beijing are annual average data.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 4  微山湖与河口区表层水中N2O浓度与水质参数间的Pearson相关系数

    Table 4.  The Pearson correlation coefficients between N2O concentrations and the water quality parameters in Weishan Lake

    湖区WDSDWTpHDOTNNO3-NO2-NH3TPDIPDOCCODMnChl-a
    微山湖(n=42)
    0.322 b-0.474 a0.059-0.2580.1560.1860.730 a0.781 a-0.0060.017-0.1040.396 a-0.076-0.199
    河口(n=9)
    -0.2570.6220.1730.480-0.1950.2120.235-0.0640.672 b0.0720.518-0.191-0.309-0.519
      注Note:a:P < 0.01;b:P < 0.05.
    湖区WDSDWTpHDOTNNO3-NO2-NH3TPDIPDOCCODMnChl-a
    微山湖(n=42)
    0.322 b-0.474 a0.059-0.2580.1560.1860.730 a0.781 a-0.0060.017-0.1040.396 a-0.076-0.199
    河口(n=9)
    -0.2570.6220.1730.480-0.1950.2120.235-0.0640.672 b0.0720.518-0.191-0.309-0.519
      注Note:a:P < 0.01;b:P < 0.05.
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2022-07-12
  • 录用日期:  2023-06-16
  • 刊出日期:  2024-02-27
刘浩志, 张菊, 邓焕广, 张怀珍, 吴金甲, 杨丽伟, 张蕊. 冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素[J]. 环境化学, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
引用本文: 刘浩志, 张菊, 邓焕广, 张怀珍, 吴金甲, 杨丽伟, 张蕊. 冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素[J]. 环境化学, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
LIU Haozhi, ZHANG Ju, DENG Huanguang, ZHANG Huaizhen, WU Jinjia, YANG Liwei, ZHANG Rui. Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations and the influencing factors in Nansi Lake during winter water diversion period[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207
Citation: LIU Haozhi, ZHANG Ju, DENG Huanguang, ZHANG Huaizhen, WU Jinjia, YANG Liwei, ZHANG Rui. Dissolved greenhouse gas concentrations and the influencing factors in Nansi Lake during winter water diversion period[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2024, 43(2): 590-599. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2022071207

冬季调水期南四湖水体温室气体溶存浓度及其影响因素

    通讯作者: E-mail:lcdhg@lcu.edu.cn
  • 1. 聊城大学地理与环境学院,聊城,252000
  • 2. 聊城大学运河学研究院,聊城,252000
  • 3. 江苏师范大学地理测绘与城乡规划学院,徐州,221116
  • 4. 聊城市农产品区域品牌基地土壤环境与污染防控重点实验室,聊城,252000
基金项目:
国家自然科学基金(41907370,41807430)和聊城大学科研基金(318011909,318012019)资助.

摘要: 为了解冬季调水期南四湖表层水中温室气体的溶存浓度及其排放通量,采集南四湖各湖区和主要入湖河流的河口区表层水及气体样品,分析了水体的理化指标以及CO2、CH4和N2O的溶存浓度,采用薄边界层扩散模型法估算了水—气界面排放通量,并探讨了影响调水期南四湖温室气体溶存浓度的主要因子. 结果表明,调水期南四湖表层水中N2O、CH4和CO2浓度分别为(23.0±6.13) nmol·L−1、(0.15±0.10) μmol·L−1和(52.4±11.4) μmol·L−1,均处于高度过饱和状态,排放通量分别为(0.22±0.18) μmol·m−2·h−1、(3.95±2.73) μmol·m−2·h−1和(658±336) μmol·m−2·h−1;浓度和排放通量多与冬季其他湖泊相当,但低于平原河网. 各温室气体浓度、饱和度和排放通量整体呈现自上级湖向下级湖降低的趋势,且在河口区和二级坝附近水域浓度较高,同时N2O和CO2浓度在微山湖湖心区出现带状高值区,而CH4相对较低. 各温室气体浓度与水质参数间具有一定的相关性,其中,N2O浓度与NO3、NO2浓度呈显著正相关,CH4与TN呈显著负相关,CO2与pH、SD呈显著负相关,与DOC呈显著正相关,反映了水质对温室气体溶存浓度的影响. 研究结果为评估调蓄湖泊在调水期对大气温室气体的影响提供了基础数据支撑.

English Abstract

  • CO2、CH4和N2O作为主要的温室气体,对全球温室效应的贡献率达80%以上[1-2],内陆湖泊是其重要的来源之一[3-6]. 入湖河流输入的营养物质促进湖泊温室气体的产生和排放,同时也将水中溶存的温室气体输入到湖泊,进而影响湖泊中温室气体的溶存浓度[6-7]. 已有研究多关注自然水文状态下湖泊水体温室气体溶存浓度、源汇效应的时间变化特征及其影响因子[3-8],关于调水影响的研究主要关注引水对藻型湖泊N2O排放通量的影响[9],而对调水工程中的调蓄湖库在调水期温室气体的分布特征及影响因素的研究还未见报道. 调水工程调水期多处于枯水期,调水期湖泊水位、水质、水流流向和换水周期均较非调水期有较大变化,而水位和水质变化均会对水体温室气体产生和排放产生影响,同时水位的变化也会降低枯水期入湖河流对湖泊的影响.

    南四湖是南水北调东线工程山东段最大的调蓄湖库,对区域环境和气候以及受水区水质安全影响显著. 调水不仅改变了南四湖湖水自北向南的自然流向,也对入湖区的水质造成一定的影响,进而影响温室气体的溶存和分布. 近年来有关南四湖水环境的研究主要集中于污染评价以及调水和区域发展对水环境的影响等方面[10-15],而对南四湖水体温室气体的研究较少,且仅有研究中采样点位较少[16-17]难以有效阐明其空间变化特征和影响因子. 本研究阐明了调水期南四湖及部分入湖河口表层水中温室气体浓度、饱和度和排放通量的空间变化特征,分析了各湖区以及河口区间温室气体的差异,并结合水质指标探讨了调水期南四湖表层水中温室气体溶存的影响因素,研究结果为深入理解调水期调蓄湖库表层水中温室气体的空间变化特征及其影响因子提供基础数据支撑.

    • 南四湖由4个相连湖区(南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖、微山湖)组成,最大湖面积为1266 km2,兴利库容为63.7×108 m3,其中微山湖面积最大. 南四湖中部的二级坝将其分为上、下两级,上级湖为南阳湖、独山湖、昭阳湖,下级湖则为微山湖. 南四湖正常蓄水位下平均水深1.5 m,湖内分布有大量的水生植物,属典型的浅水草藻型湖泊. 2013年东线工程通水前南四湖富营养化严重,通水后富营养化程度有明显降低[18]. 东线工程一般在非汛期进行调水,2020—2021年度调水期为2020年12月底至2021年5月底,共调水入山东6.74×108 m3,由南四湖对其进行调蓄分配.

    • 在南四湖布设63个采样点,其中微山湖(WS)42个,南阳湖(NY)6个,因独山湖与昭阳湖无明显分界线,故将两湖合并记作DS,共15个采样点;在9条主要入湖河流的河口布设采样点,分别为复新河(FXH)、北沙河(BSH)、胜利渠(SLQ)、泗河(SH)、薛河(XH)、郭河(GH)、中运河(ZYH)、仲浅横沟(ZQHG)和耿庄沟(GZG);各采样点具体分布见图1. 考虑水体的稳定性和均匀性并避开冰封期,于2021年3月11日—13日在各采样点采集水面下20 cm的表层水,现场采用顶空平衡法 [19]提取溶解气体,即将水样注入两头具有硅胶密封垫和密封螺帽的100 mL有机玻璃管内,并使其溢出一定体积的水后密封,从顶端用注射器注入50 mL高纯氮气,同时从底端通过针头排出同体积的水样,振荡10 min后静置1 h抽取顶空气体,储存于气体采样袋(大连海得)内;每个采样点采集3个平行,每次采样均重新采集表层水,同时使用气体采样袋直接采集现场1.0 m高度的空气样品;气体采样袋使用前经高纯N2多次清洗并抽真空;另取水样用于理化指标分析. 使用HI9145型DO仪(意大利HANNA公司)、pH400型pH计(美国SPECTRUM公司)、自制水深测量装置和塞氏盘现场测定水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)、pH、水深(WD)和透明度(SD).

      回实验室后,使用美国Agilent公司7890A型气相色谱仪测定气体中N2O、CO2和CH4的浓度,采用国家标准分析方法测定水中叶绿素a(Chl-a)、硝态氮(NO3)、亚硝态氮(NO2)、氨氮(NH3)、可溶性正磷酸盐(DIP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等[20],溶解性有机碳(DOC)采用德国Elementar公司的总TOC分析仪测定.

    • 水中温室气体溶存浓度(CW, μmol·L−1)的计算公式为[21]

      式中,$ {C}_{\mathrm{A}1} $为有机玻璃管中水—气交换平衡时顶空气体中温室气体浓度(μmol·L−1);$ {V}_{\mathrm{A}1} $为管中顶空空气体积(L);$ {V}_{\mathrm{w}} $为管中水样的体积(L);α为布氏系数(mol·L−1·atm−1).

      温室气体水—气界面的排放通量(F)采用薄边界层扩散模型法计算,计算公式为[22-23]

      式中,$ \Delta C $为水—气界面温室气体浓度的差值,$ \Delta C={C}_{\mathrm{w}}-{C}_{\mathrm{A}2} $$ {C}_{\mathrm{A}2} $为采样点大气中温室气体浓度(μmol·L−1);k为扩散系数[22]. F为正值代表气体自水向空气扩散.

      采用SPSS 25.0中Pearson相关模型探讨了影响温室气体浓度的主要因子;采样图和温室气体浓度和排放通量的空间分布图采用ArcGIS10.6绘制;采用Origin 2015拟合并绘制一元线性回归图.

    • 表1所示,调水期南四湖表层水中pH、DO、NH3、CODMn和NO3平均含量均能达到其功能区域水质标准要求,且除CODMn外(仅微山湖有2个点位超标),pH、DO、NH3和NO3达标率均为100%.

      TP平均含量除独山湖+昭阳湖中略低于Ⅲ类水标准限值外,其余各湖区和河口区均超标,表现为河口区>南阳湖>微山湖,分别约为标准限值的2.2倍、1.9倍和1.5倍,河口区显著高于微山湖(P < 0.05),全湖TP超标率为80.6%. 各湖区和河口区TN平均含量均超标,超标率为97.2%,微山湖和独山湖+昭阳湖TN平均含量均显著高于南阳湖(P < 0.05). 河口区WD较大,且TN、NO3、NO2、TP、DIP和Chl-a量较高,反映了入湖河流营养物质输入作用的影响;而微山湖WD和SD均较低,DO含量显著高于其他湖区(P < 0.05),但作为下级湖,水中TN、NO3、DIP含量亦较高. 各湖区和河口区pH、NH3、DOC和CODMn含量无显著性差异(P > 0.05).

    • 表2所示,南四湖表层水中N2O、CH4和CO2浓度分别为(23.0±6.13)nmol·L−1、(0.15±0.10)μmol·L−1和(52.4±11.4)μmol·L−1,饱和度分别为154%±44.6%、3878%±2668%和186%±46.2%,排放通量分别为(0.22±0.18)μmol·m−2·h−1、(3.95±2.73)μmol·m−2·h−1和(658±336)μmol·m−2·h−1. N2O、CH4和CO2均处于高度过饱和状态,表现为大气的“源”. 各湖区间表层水中CH4和CO2平均浓度不存在显著差异(P > 0.05);微山湖N2O平均浓度、饱和度和排放通量均显著低于河口区(P < 0.05),CO2平均饱和度和排放通量亦显著低于其他3个湖区(P < 0.05).

      图2所示,各温室气体溶存浓度、饱和度和排放通量均呈现自上级湖向下级湖降低的趋势,与南水北调水流方向相反,体现了调水对湖水中温室气体的稀释作用;且温室气体浓度在多个河口区和二级坝附近水域出现高值区,但在南水北调工程出水口(NY-6)附近区域,尽管受到泗河等入湖河流的影响但温室气体浓度并不高. 此外,N2O和CO2在微山湖湖心区出现带状高浓度区,而CH4则无此相对高值区且湖心区浓度相对较低. 入湖河口、二级坝上下及岸边区温室气体浓度较高可能是由于浅水湖泊中河流营养物质的输送及沉积的边缘效应所导致的[23],而微山湖湖心区N2O和CO2带状高浓度区的成因则需进一步探讨.

      将南四湖温室气体溶存浓度和排放通量与冬季我国部分水体进行了对比分析,如表3所示. 南四湖表层水中N2O浓度与巢湖相当,但明显低于平原河网,而高于北京城市内湖;CH4浓度亦明显低于平原河网,但显著高于西北口水库,而较北京城市内湖低.

      南四湖N2O饱和度明显低于平原河网,但CH4饱和度远高于平原河网. 南四湖N2O排放通量与巢湖和东平湖基本相当,高于梅梁湾和鄱阳湖,但显著低于平原河网;CH4排放通量与鄱阳湖相当,高于微山湖、梅梁湾和西北口水库,而显著低于平原河网以及部分城市内湖;与冬季梅梁湾表现为CO2的汇不同,南四湖表现为CO2的排放源,通量高于微山湖和鄱阳湖,但处于城市内湖的变化范围内.

    • 图3表4所示,南四湖表层水中各温室气体溶存浓度分别与不同的水质指标呈显著相关关系,且在微山湖湖区和河口区表层水中N2O溶存浓度的影响因子不同. 水体中N2O主要产生于硝化和反硝化过程中[6, 34],NO3和NH3分别为反硝化作用和硝化作用的底物,NO2是微生物氮转化过程的中间产物. 南四湖表层水中N2O浓度与NO3、NO2浓度呈显著正相关关系(图3),且NO3和NO2间呈显著正相关关系(R=0.417,P < 0.01)说明表层水中N2O可能主要来源于沉积物的反硝化过程. 在河口区由于河流带来较为丰富的NH3表1),且河口区表层中NO2与NH3呈显著正相关关系(R=0.556,P < 0.01),说明水中硝化作用强烈,推断该区域水体溶存的N2O主要产生于硝化过程;而在微山湖,N2O则主要来源于反硝化过程,水深增加导致水中DO降低有利于增强表层沉积物的反硝化作用,促进了水中N2O浓度增加,使二者呈显著正相关关系(表4);3月份南四湖水体中优势沉水植物-菹草正处于返青生长期,SD的增加会增强其光合作用,提高水中DO含量,抑制表层沉积物的反硝化作用,故二者呈显著负相关关系(表4);而在河口区中,SD的上升可通过影响菹草光合作用,增加水中DO含量,促进底层水和表层沉积物的硝化作用和N2O的产生,使二者呈正相关关系(表4).

      水体中CH4浓度是由CH4产生和氧化的相对平衡决定[35]. 作为典型的草藻型湖泊,南四湖水生植物丰富,植物衰亡后残体沉积在底泥中,为产甲烷菌提供了丰富的底物[36],促进了水体深层和底泥中CH4的产生,并扩散进入上覆水,导致表层水中浓度较高[2];而TN的抑制作用则有可能与无机氮对产甲烷细菌的毒害作用有关[37],同时硝酸盐是更有利的末端电子受体[38],硝酸盐浓度亦影响CH4的产生.

      水中CO2浓度主要受到水体碳酸平衡、光合作用以及呼吸作用等作用的影响. 3月份南四湖浮游藻类较少,SD大有利于菹草的生长,菹草的光合作用导致水中CO2浓度降低,使二者呈显著负相关关系(图3). DOC作为CO2产生的底物,含量增加会促进CO2的产生,故二者呈显著正相关关系(图3). 南四湖湖水最小pH为8.03,全湖水体为偏碱性,水中CO2易发生电离,使其浓度降低,两者呈显著负相关关系(图3),这与其他研究结果相一致[39-40].

    • (1)调水期南四湖表层水除TP和TN外,pH、DO、NH3和CODMn平均含量均可达到《地表水环境水质标准》Ⅲ类水标准,河流输入导致入湖河口区和下级湖微山湖营养盐含量较高.

      (2)调水期南四湖各温室气体呈现过饱和状态,表现为大气的排放源,南水北调对湖水中温室气体具有一定的稀释作用,河口区和二级坝附近水域温室气体浓度较高,此外,微山湖湖心区N2O和CO2浓度较高,且呈带状分布.

      (3)调水期南四湖表层水中温室气体浓度与氮浓度、pH、SD、DOC等水质指标间具有一定的显著相关性,各湖区N2O浓度与水中NO3、NO2浓度显著正相关,表明其可能主要受到反硝化作用的影响,而河口区N2O浓度与NH3显著正相关,可能主要受硝化作用的影响.

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