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全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是指烷烃分子链上的氢原子全部被氟原子取代而形成的一类化合物,诞生于上世纪30年代,是人工合成的一类有机化学物质,典型的如全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS)、全氟己酸(PFHxA)、全氟丁酸(PFBA)等. 全氟化合物具有独特的性质,其表面活性高,具有耐热性、耐酸性、疏水性和疏脂性[1],因此应用广泛,在工业上,可以作为聚合物、表面活性剂、润滑剂和农药[2-3];在商业上,可以用作纺织涂料、不粘涂料、去污剂、皮革制品、食品包装和消防泡沫[4-5]等. 但PFCs以其环境持久性、毒性大、生物蓄积性强等特性[6]可能会影响人类健康[7-8],特别是PFOA和PFOS在环境中具有持久性,在营养链中具有生物累积性,全氟化合物造成的环境污染和生态风险等问题引起了科学界和政府的关注. 2009年,《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》将PFOS及其盐类列入持久性有机污染物(POPs)优控名单. 在国内PFOS被列入了《优先控制化学品名录》(第一批),PFOA被列入了《优先控制化学品名录》(第二批),均属于被鼓励替代的化学品,两者均纳入《国家鼓励的有毒有害原料(产品)替代品目录》. PFCs在日常生活中使用广泛,环境污染正逐步向有机污染的方向演化,环境有机污染日益得到人们的重视.
在国内外的研究中,水体中PFCs检出率最高的是8个碳原子的PFOS和PFOA[9] ,其应用广泛,而且是多种前体的最早转化产物,是最典型的两种全氟化合物. PFOA 在水环境中的整体污染水平要高于PFOS,我国自然水体PFCs研究主要集中于长江流域、河流及湖泊、辽河流域、海河和珠江流域[10-15],研究对象以PFOS和PFOA为主并同时监测其他种类PFCs,以获得水体PFCs污染的全面信息.
PFCs分析技术主要有色谱质谱联用技术、光谱技术和结合酶联免疫吸附测定的分析方法三大类[16]. 色谱质谱分析是应用最多和较为成熟的方法,基于色谱质谱的分析方法中以液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)较为成熟可靠,是分析PFCs的主流技术;环境水样PFCs含量一般都比较低,用LC-MS/MS方法测样前通常都需要对样品进行富集浓缩和净化,使用得比较普遍的方法是离线固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱(SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)的方法[17-23],该方法成熟可靠,但前处理通常需要0.5—1.0 L大量的水样及前处理步骤多而繁杂,而且长距离采样时运输大量样品极为不便. 通过将固相萃取直接联接到高效液相色谱串联质谱进行分析,可以免去浓缩和重新溶解等几个步骤. 因而将离线方法开发成在线固相萃取方法可以提高工作效率及减少工作量并减少化学试剂的使用量. 用在线固相萃取-液相色谱串联质谱(On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)技术分析各种药物、激素等有机物的报道较多[24-31],但用On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS技术分析PFCs的研究很少,仅在国外有少量应用[32-34],目前国内应用On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS技术测定PFCs的方法还较少[35-36],本研究基于离线的分析方法开发成On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS方法,应用于大样本的PFCs的筛查工作,有利于减少工作量及分析时间,同时为分析全自动化提供技术基础.
在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定地表水中8种全氟化合物
Determination of 8 perfluorinated compounds in surface water by on-line solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
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摘要: 建立了在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS)检测地表水中8种全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的分析方法. 该方法用电喷雾离子源(ESI)在选定的多反应监测(MRM)负模式下确定目标化合物并使用同位素内标法定量,测定了地表水中的PFCs. 8种PFCs的样品加标回收率在82.1%—103%之间,线性范围在0.66—500 ng·L−1之间,相关系数(R2)在0.991—0.998之间,精密度(RSD)在3.95%—6.29%之间,检出限(LOD)在0.20—2.43 ng·L−1之间,定量限(LOQ)在0.66—8.09 ng·L−1之间. 方法应用于大凌河及小清河地表水的分析,分析结果与该领域其他研究的结果一致,表明该方法具有实际应用意义.
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关键词:
- 在线固相萃取 /
- 高效液相色谱串联质谱 /
- 地表水 /
- 全氟化合物.
Abstract: An on-line solid phase extraction high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (On-Line SPE-HPLC-MS/MS) method for determining eight perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in surface water was established. In this method, the target compounds were qualitatively confirmed by electrospray ionization source (ESI) under the selected negative mode of multi reaction monitoring (MRM), and quantitatively determined by the isotope internal standard method. The spiked recoveries of 8 PFCs in surface water ranged from 82.1% to 103%, with a linear range of 0.66—500 ng·L−1 and a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.991—0.998. The precision (RSD) ranged from 3.95% to 6.29% , the limit of detection (LOD) from 0.20 ng·L−1 to 2.43 ng·L−1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) from 0.66 ng·L−1 to 8.09 ng·L−1. The method has been applied to analyze the surface water in Daling River and Xiaoqing River. And the analysis results are consistent with those of other studies in this field, indicating that the method is practical. -
表 1 本研究中全氟化合物的种类
Table 1. The types of perfluorinated compounds in this study
化合物
Compound英文名称
English name缩写
Abbreviations分子式
Molecular formula全氟丁酸 Perfluorobutyric acid PFBA C3F7COOH 全氟戊酸 Perfluoropentanoic acid PFPeA C4F9COOH 全氟己酸 Perfluorohexanoic acid PFHxA C5F11COOH 全氟庚酸 Perfluoroheptanoic acid PFHpA C6F13COOH 全氟辛酸 Perfluorooctanoic acid PFOA C7F15COOH 全氟壬酸 Perfluorononanoic acid PFNA C8F17COOH 全氟葵酸 Perfluorodecanoic acid PFDA C9F19COOH 全氟十一酸 Perfluoroundecanoic acid PFUnDA C10F21COOH 全氟十二酸 Perfluorodecanoic acid PFDoDA C11F23COOH 全氟丁烷磺酸 Perfluorobutane sulfonic acids PFBS C4F9SO3H 全氟已烷磺酸 Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid PFHxS C6F13SO3H 全氟辛烷磺酸 Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid PFOS C8F17SO3H 内标化合物 Internal standards 13C4全氟丁酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C4] butanoic acid 13C4-PFBA 13C2全氟己酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C2] hexanoic acid 13C2-PFHxA 13C4全氟辛酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C4] octanoic acid 13C4-PFOA 13C5全氟壬酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C5] nonanoic acid 13C5-PFNA 13C2全氟癸酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C2] decanoic acid 13C2-PFDA 13C2全氟十一烷酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C2] undecanoic acid 13C2-PFUnDA 13C2全氟十二烷酸 Perfluoro-n-[13C2] dodecanoic acid 13C2-PFDoDA 18O2全氟己烷磺酸 Perfluoro-n-hexane [18O2]sulphonate 18O2-PFHxS 13C4全氟辛酸 Perfluoro-n-octane [13C4]sulphonate 13C4-PFOS 表 2 在线固相萃取和液相色谱条件
Table 2. On-Line SPE and liquid chromatography conditions
时间/ min
Time1260泵流动相
1260 pump flow phase1290泵流动相
1290 pump flow phaseG1170A阀位
G1170A valve positionA/% A/% B/% 0 100 0 100 A 1.00 100 0 100 A 3.20 100 80 20 B 12.00 100 80 20 B 15.00 100 10 90 B 16.00 100 0 100 B 18.00 100 0 100 B 表 3 目标化合物的MRM质谱参数
Table 3. Mass spectrometer parameters used for MRM of target compounds
化合物
Compound name内标物
Internal standards母离子
Precursor ion(m/z)子离子
Product ion(m/z)裂解电压/V
Fragmentor碰撞能量/eV
Collision energy加速电压/V
Cell accelerator voltagePFDA No 513 468.9 86 3 7 13C2-PFDA Yes 515 470 86 3 7 PFDoDA No 613 569 90 5 7 13C2-PFDoDA Yes 615 570 90 5 7 PFHxA No 363 318.9 68 4 7 13C2-PFHxA Yes 315 270 68 3 7 PFHxS No 399 80 150 40 7 18O2-PFHxS Yes 403 103 150 40 7 PFOA No 413 368.9 82 4 7 13C4-PFOA Yes 417 372 82 4 7 PFOS No 498.9 80 154 47 7 13C4-PFOS Yes 503 80 154 47 7 PFUnDA No 563 519 90 5 7 13C2-PFUnDA Yes 565 520 90 5 7 PFNA No 463 419 82 3 7 13C5-PFNA Yes 468 423 82 3 7 表 4 全氟化合物的碳链、方法的线性范围、线性方程、相关系数和加标回收率
Table 4. Carbon chain of PFCs, linear range, linear equation, correlation coefficient and spiked recovery of the method
化合物
Compounds碳链
Carbon chain线性范围/(ng·L−1)
Linear range线性方程
Linear equation相关系数
(R2)加标回收率/%
Spiked recoveryPFHxA C6 LOQ—500 y = 1.2551x -0.1093 0.997 95.6 PFHxS C6 LOQ—500 y =3.8093x -1.3226 0.991 103 PFOA C8 LOQ—500 y = 1.4761x – 0.2853 0.998 82.1 PFOS C8 LOQ—500 y = 1.4947x – 0.3389 0.997 94.7 PFNA C9 LOQ—500 y = 1.4192x – 0.2586 0.998 94.3 PFDA C10 LOQ—500 y = 1.2761x – 0.2216 0.996 97.5 PFUnDA C11 LOQ—500 y = 1.3074x – 0.1549 0.993 99.8 PFDoDA C12 LOQ—500 y = 1.1165x – 0.1013 0.993 90.2 注:加标回收率由25 ng·L−1的混标测试. Note: The spiked recoverys is tested by a mixed standard of 25 ng·L−1 表 5 方法精密度、检测限和定量限
Table 5. Precision, detection limit and quantitative limit of the method
化合物
Compound精密度
RSD%
Precision
(n=6)检出限/(ng·L−1)
LOD定量限/(ng·L−1)
LOQ在线固相萃取
On-Line SPE离线固相萃取
Off-Line SPE[13]在线固相萃取
On-Line SPE离线固相萃取
Off-Line SPE[13]PFHxA 5.72 0.40 0.04 1.32 0.15 PFHxS 4.91 0.20 0.01 0.66 0.06 PFOA 4.22 0.30 0.05 1.01 0.19 PFOS 4.85 0.63 0.03 2.10 0.10 PFNA 4.42 0.30 0.06 0.99 0.13 PFDA 3.95 0.25 0.05 0.84 0.15 PFUnDA 4.73 0.40 0.03 1.34 0.08 PFDoDA 6.29 2.43 0.05 8.09 0.13 表 6 样品分析结果
Table 6. Results of sample analysis
河流及样品编号
River and sample No.PFHxA/
(ng·L−1)PFHxS/
(ng·L−1)PFOA/
(ng·L−1)PFOS/
(ng·L−1)PFNA/
(ng·L−1)PFDA/
(ng·L−1)PFUnDA/
(ng·L−1)PFDoDA/
(ng·L−1)大凌河
Daling RiverDL-15W 6.39 ND 16.8 ND ND <0.84 <1.34 16.4 DL-16W ND ND 11.3 ND ND <0.84 <1.34 9.25 DL-17W ND ND 6.8 ND ND <0.84 <1.34 9.26 DL-18W 6.39 ND 7.82 ND 2.38 <0.84 <1.34 12.4 DL-1W 33.6 ND 2051 ND 4.53 6.50 4.90 121 DL-6W 88.2 0.77 320 15.1 7.29 8.12 <1.34 10.4 DL-9W 56.0 ND 145 6.26 9.76 6.95 <1.34 10.8 DL-11W 59.3 ND 128 12.1 9.53 7.74 <1.34 9.47 DL-14W 16.3 ND 34.6 4.57 ND 13.0 72.6 ND 小清河
Xiaoqing RiverXQ1 6.29 ND 19.4 12.5 4.77 14.7 32.6 57.6 XQ2 9.65 ND 32.0 8.61 2.57 6.21 4.68 16.7 XQ3 11.0 ND 25.1 8.49 2.39 5.86 4.81 19.2 XQ4 15.8 ND 19.8 9.22 ND 6.01 4.49 19.2 XQ5 14.2 ND 19.5 7.85 2.26 6.01 3.74 10.8 XQ6 9.65 ND 26.0 7.90 ND 5.56 4.04 9.76 XQ7 20.2 ND 46.9 7.82 ND 5.46 3.34 9.84 XQ8 1165 ND 39500 8.96 16.7 6.76 3.31 11.5 XQ9 2243 ND 67500 7.76 27.5 7.81 3.31 9.31 XQ10 3603 ND 98000 6.31 39.8 9.40 4.61 12.4 XQ11 2632 ND 63700 8.92 26.6 8.25 <1.34 9.49 XQ12 9.84 ND 97.5 13.0 2.41 7.95 11.4 14.4 XQ13 29.5 ND 42.7 7.76 7.70 5.13 3.58 14.4 XQ14 19700 ND 4810000 8.25 1090 122 25.9 26.0 注:ND:未检出. ND: not detected. -
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