-
近年来,流行病学研究已经发现大气污染与脑血管、高血压等脑部疾病发生或恶化有较强关联[1 − 5]. 这说明外源性污染物很可能可以进入大脑并引发不可逆的损伤. 比如,颗粒物可能诱导大脑中的蛋白质产生错误折叠,进而影响其生物学功能或产生毒性效应,如Aβ淀粉蛋白和TAU蛋白[6 − 8];颗粒物可能干扰脂质代谢,使其发生紊乱,如升高脑血管中的胆固醇水平[9 − 11];颗粒物可能影响特定基因表达,通过调控生酮作用、糖基化、神经细胞增值分化,进而引发脑部神经系统损伤[12 − 14];颗粒物可能改变血管的紧张度,引起血管炎症,促进心脑血管动脉粥样硬化,增加脑卒中风险[15 − 17]. 2016年,英国兰卡斯特大学研究团队发现在英国曼彻斯特城的真实人体的大脑内存在0.3—12 µg·g−1磁性Fe3O4超细颗粒物[18],并推断其主要来源于大气细颗粒物(PM2.5). 2022年,中国科学院生态环境中心刘思金研究团队在脑部疾病患者的脑脊液样本中发现外源性超细颗粒物[19]. 这引起人们对PM2.5能否进入大脑的广泛关注. 大脑不同于肾脏、脾脏、肝脏等,其具备较为严密的血脑屏障,可阻止大部分外源性污染物由血液进入其内,从而维持脑内部环境稳定. 因此,关于外源性污染物(包括粒径更小的超细颗粒物)能否进入大脑一直存在较大的争议. 目前,关于外源性颗粒物入脑的潜在途径主要包括[20 − 26]:1、颗粒态污染物通过嗅神经入脑;2、颗粒态污染物与特定蛋白质结合(如血浆载脂蛋白E),再与血脑屏障中细胞受体作用以胞饮形式进入大脑,而不破坏血脑屏障;3、颗粒态污染物暴露进入血液,之后破坏血脑屏障而进入大脑. 上述入脑途径主要是基于金属纳米颗粒物的研究结果,真实环境中的颗粒态污染物成分极其复杂,既包括金属组分,也包括大量有机组分. 对于真实环境中可以入脑的污染物信息、暴露途径、跨生物屏障转运、代谢归趋及生命周期等尚不清楚. 随着非靶向分析技术、暴露组学、原位成像技术和敏感的生物屏障模型等环境分析和环境毒理学技术的快速发展,可尝试针对脑部外源性颗粒态污染物建立“识别-暴露-表征-追踪” 的全流程研究路线,以厘清脑部颗粒态污染物的赋存特征,辨识具体暴露途径,阐明代谢转化行为机制等,进而为研究环境污染与脑部疾病的健康危害提供科学支撑. 本文围绕脑部外源性颗粒物污染,总结提出脑部颗粒态污染物识别与追踪的潜在研究方法.
脑部外源性颗粒态污染物的识别与追踪
Identification and characterization on exogenous pollutants in the brain
-
摘要: 大量流行病学研究表明大气细颗粒物污染的长期暴露与脑血管、行为障碍、神经退行性疾病等脑部疾病的发生或恶化关系密切,然而,目前关于脑部外源性颗粒态污染物的认识仍近乎“黑箱”状态,这已成为准确认识环境污染对脑部健康风险研究的瓶颈问题. 本文综述了当前脑部外源性污染物,特别是颗粒态污染物研究的最新进展,提出基于非靶向分析技术、同位素追踪技术等建立脑部外源性颗粒态污染物识别、表征和溯源的系统研究方法,解析入脑外源性颗粒态污染物信息,追踪典型污染物入脑的暴露途径、跨生物屏障转运、代谢归趋及生命周期. 为进一步阐明外源性颗粒态污染物对脑部重要生理功能及生命过程的扰动机制提供方法学支撑和科学支持.Abstract: The epidemiological researches have showed that long-term exposure to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is an important factor for the occurrence and development of some brain diseases, e.g., cerebrovascular and behavioral disorders, neurodegenerative diseases. Yet, the specific impact of exogenous particulate pollutants on the brain remains a “black box”, which hinder assessing their brain risks scientifically. Here, we review the recent advances in the analysis of exogenous particulate pollutants in the brain. Moreover, this perspective proposes a comprehensive proposal (e.g., non-targeted analysis, isotopic fingerprints) for identifying and tracing the exogenous PM in the brain. It is of extremely importance for elucidating the occurrence, exposure pathway, transportation, metabolism, and life cycle of PM in the brain. Hence, this method provides a powerful technological support for probing the disturbance mechanism of PM on some physiological functions and life processes of the brain in future studies.
-
Key words:
- brain /
- exogenous pollutants /
- identification /
- tracing
-
[1] CALDERÓN-GARCIDUEÑAS L, MORA-TISCAREÑO A, ONTIVEROS E, et al. Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs[J]. Brain and Cognition, 2008, 68(2): 117-127. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.04.008 [2] CALDERÓN-GARCIDUEÑAS L, ENGLE R, MORA-TISCAREÑO A, et al. Exposure to severe urban air pollution influences cognitive outcomes, brain volume and systemic inflammation in clinically healthy children[J]. Brain and Cognition, 2011, 77(3): 345-355. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2011.09.006 [3] JØRGENSEN J T, JOHANSEN M S, RAVNSKJÆR L, et al. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of brain tumours: The Danish Nurse Cohort[J]. NeuroToxicology, 2016, 55: 122-130. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.06.003 [4] CACCIOTTOLO M, WANG X, DRISCOLL I, et al. Particulate air pollutants, APOE alleles and their contributions to cognitive impairment in older women and to amyloidogenesis in experimental models[J]. Translational Psychiatry, 2017, 7(1): e1022. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.280 [5] CHANG Y C, COLE T B, COSTA L G. Prenatal and early-life diesel exhaust exposure causes autism-like behavioral changes in mice[J]. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 2018, 15(1): 1-14. doi: 10.1186/s12989-017-0237-x [6] CALDERÓN-GARCIDUEÑAS L, STOMMEL E W, RAJKUMAR R P, et al. Particulate air pollution and risk of neuropsychiatric outcomes. what we breathe, swallow, and put on our skin matters[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2021, 18(21): 11568. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182111568 [7] CALDERÓN-GARCIDUEÑAS L, FRANCO-LIRA M, MORA-TISCAREÑO A, et al. Early Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease pathology in urban children: Friend versus foe responses—It is time to face the evidence[J]. BioMed Research International, 2013, 2013: 1-16. [8] GREEN E H, KIKIS E A. Determining the effects of nanoparticulate air pollution on proteostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(12): e0243419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243419 [9] WANG X X, SONG Y Y, HU D D, et al. Metabolic and lipid alterations in mice brain cortex after PM2.5 exposure[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 2021, 34(5): 1250-1255. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00015 [10] QIN S J, ZENG H X, WU Q Z, et al. An integrative analysis of lipidomics and transcriptomics in various mouse brain regions in response to real-ambient PM2.5 exposure[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2023, 895: 165112. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165112 [11] WANG J, MA T F, MA D, et al. The impact of air pollution on neurodegenerative diseases[J]. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, 2021, 43(1): 69-78. doi: 10.1097/FTD.0000000000000818 [12] SOLAIMANI P, SAFFARI A, SIOUTAS C, et al. Exposure to ambient ultrafine particulate matter alters the expression of genes in primary human neurons[J]. NeuroToxicology, 2017, 58: 50-57. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.11.001 [13] BILINOVICH S M, LEWIS K, THOMPSON B L, et al. Environmental epigenetics of diesel particulate matter toxicogenomics[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(20): 7386. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17207386 [14] LI Z, YAN H, ZHANG X, et al. Air pollution interacts with genetic risk to influence cortical networks implicated in depression[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021, 118(46): e2109310118. [15] PARK J H, CHOI J Y, LEE H K, et al. Notch1-mediated inflammation is associated with endothelial dysfunction in human brain microvascular endothelial cells upon particulate matter exposure[J]. Archives of Toxicology, 2021, 95(2): 529-540. doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02942-9 [16] SUWANNASUAL U, LUCERO J, McDONALD J D, et al. Exposure to traffic-generated air pollutants mediates alterations in brain microvascular integrity in wildtype mice on a high-fat diet[J]. Environmental Research, 2018, 160: 449-461. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.029 [17] HAHAD O, LELIEVELD J, BIRKLEIN F, et al. Ambient air pollution increases the risk of cerebrovascular and neuropsychiatric disorders through induction of inflammation and oxidative stress[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2020, 21(12): 4306. doi: 10.3390/ijms21124306 [18] MAHER B A, AHMED I A M, KARLOUKOVSKI V, et al. Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016, 113(39): 10797-10801. [19] QI Y, WEI S T, XIN T, et al. Passage of exogeneous fine particles from the lung into the brain in humans and animals[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022, 119(26): e2117083119. [20] OBERDÖRSTER G, SHARP Z, ATUDOREI V, et al. Extrapulmonary translocation of ultrafine carbon particles following whole-body inhalation exposure of rats[J]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2002, 65(20): 1531-1543. doi: 10.1080/00984100290071658 [21] OBERDÖRSTER G, SHARP Z, ATUDOREI V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine particles to the brain[J]. Inhalation Toxicology, 2004, 16(6/7): 437-445. [22] ELDER A, GELEIN R, SILVA V, et al. Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2006, 114(8): 1172-1178. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9030 [23] KOFFIE R M, FARRAR C T, SAIDI L J, et al. Nanoparticles enhance brain delivery of blood-brain barrier-impermeable probes for in vivo optical and magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(46): 18837-18842. [24] TOPAL G R, MÉSZÁROS M, PORKOLÁB G, et al. ApoE-targeting increases the transfer of solid lipid nanoparticles with donepezil cargo across a culture model of the blood-brain barrier[J]. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 13(1): 38. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010038 [25] UNDERWOOD E. The polluted brain[J]. Science, 2017, 355(6323): 342-345. doi: 10.1126/science.355.6323.342 [26] PEEPLES L. How air pollution threatens brain health[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020, 117(25): 13856-13860. [27] WANG W C, LIN Y, YANG H, et al. Internal exposure and distribution of airborne fine particles in the human body: Methodology, current understandings, and research needs[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56(11): 6857-6869. [28] MIN K, HAO S Y, LIN Y E, et al. An attempt to detect ambient black carbon in the human brain using mass spectrometry imaging[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2023, 6: 00664. [29] WEI W, YANG B W, ZHU X Y, et al. Silica nanoparticle exposure caused brain lesion and underlying toxicological mechanism: Route-dependent bio-Corona formation and GSK3β phosphorylation status[J]. Environment & Health, 2023. [30] XU M A, NIU Z S, LIU C, et al. Oxidative potential of metal-containing nanoparticles in coal fly ash generated from coal-fired power plants in China[J]. Environment & Health, 2023, 1(3): 180-190. [31] GUO Z L, ZHANG P, CHAKRABORTY S, et al. Biotransformation modulates the penetration of metallic nanomaterials across an artificial blood–brain barrier model[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021, 118(28): e2105245118. [32] LIN Y, WATSON K A, FALLBACH M J, et al. Rapid, solventless, bulk preparation of metal nanoparticle-decorated carbon nanotubes[J]. ACS Nano, 2009, 3(4): 871-884. doi: 10.1021/nn8009097 [33] YANG K, WAN J M, ZHANG S A, et al. In vivo pharmacokinetics, long-term biodistribution, and toxicology of PEGylated graphene in mice[J]. ACS Nano, 2011, 5(1): 516-522. doi: 10.1021/nn1024303 [34] JIANG Y M, SUN J, XIONG C Q, et al. Mass spectrometry imaging reveals in situ behaviors of multiple components in aerosol particles[J]. Angewandte Chemie , 2021, 60(43): 23225-23231. doi: 10.1002/anie.202103874 [35] CAO M J, CAI R, ZHAO L N, et al. Molybdenum derived from nanomaterials incorporates into molybdenum enzymes and affects their activities in vivo[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021, 16(6): 708-716. doi: 10.1038/s41565-021-00856-w